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Long-context modeling is crucial for next-generation language models, yet the high computational cost of standard attention mechanisms poses significant computational challenges. Sparse attention offers a promising direction for improving…

Sparse activation, which selectively activates only an input-dependent set of neurons in inference, is a useful technique to reduce the computing cost of Large Language Models (LLMs) without retraining or adaptation efforts. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Jifeng Song , Kai Huang , Xiangyu Yin , Boyuan Yang , Wei Gao

Recently, sparse autoencoders (SAEs) have emerged as a promising technique for interpreting activations in foundation models by disentangling features into a sparse set of concepts. However, identifying the optimal level of sparsity for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Dongsheng Wang , Jinsen Zhang , Dawei Su , Hui Huang

The parameters of a neural network are naturally organized in groups, some of which might not contribute to its overall performance. To prune out unimportant groups of parameters, we can include some non-differentiable penalty to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-06 Tristan Deleu , Yoshua Bengio

Sparse autoencoders are usually trained one layer at a time, even though transformer residual stream activations are strongly coupled across depth. This creates a practical problem for multi-layer interventions: different layerwise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Prathyush Poduval , Calvin Yeung , Neel Desai , Mohsen Imani

Large language models can exhibit emergent reasoning behaviors, often manifested as recurring lexical patterns (e.g., "wait," indicating verification). However, complex reasoning trajectories remain sparse in unconstrained sampling, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Po-Nien Kung , Zhen Yang , Jeffrey Luo , Cheng-Fu Yang , Haikang Deng , Zi-Yi Dou , Yinfei Yang , Nanyun Peng , Zhe Gan , Kai-Wei Chang

During typical gradient-based training of deep neural networks, all of the model's parameters are updated at each iteration. Recent work has shown that it is possible to update only a small subset of the model's parameters during training,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Yi-Lin Sung , Varun Nair , Colin Raffel

Feature Transformation (FT) crafts new features from original ones via mathematical operations to enhance dataset expressiveness for downstream models. However, existing FT methods exhibit critical limitations: discrete search struggles…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Nanxu Gong , Zijun Li , Sixun Dong , Haoyue Bai , Wangyang Ying , Xinyuan Wang , Yanjie Fu

Recent advances in convolutional neural networks(CNNs) usually come with the expense of excessive computational overhead and memory footprint. Network compression aims to alleviate this issue by training compact models with comparable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-17 Xin-Yu Zhang , Kai Zhao , Taihong Xiao , Ming-Ming Cheng , Ming-Hsuan Yang

Deep neural networks (DNNs) frequently contain far more weights, represented at a higher precision, than are required for the specific task which they are trained to perform. Consequently, they can often be compressed using techniques such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Vinu Joseph , Saurav Muralidharan , Animesh Garg , Michael Garland , Ganesh Gopalakrishnan

Model diffing is the study of how fine-tuning changes a model's representations and internal algorithms. Many behaviors of interest are introduced during fine-tuning, and model diffing offers a promising lens to interpret such behaviors.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Julian Minder , Clément Dumas , Caden Juang , Bilal Chugtai , Neel Nanda

We consider the problem of accurate sparse fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs), that is, fine-tuning pretrained LLMs on specialized tasks, while inducing sparsity in their weights. On the accuracy side, we observe that standard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Eldar Kurtic , Denis Kuznedelev , Elias Frantar , Michael Goin , Dan Alistarh

The classical sparse coding (SC) model represents visual stimuli as a linear combination of a handful of learned basis functions that are Gabor-like when trained on natural image data. However, the Gabor-like filters learned by classical…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-02-19 Jonathan Huml , Abiy Tasissa , Demba Ba

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) has become a crucial step for aligning pretrained large language models (LLMs) using supervised datasets of input-output pairs. However, despite being supervised, SFT is inherently limited by its generative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Siqi Guo , Ilgee Hong , Vicente Balmaseda , Changlong Yu , Liang Qiu , Xin Liu , Haoming Jiang , Tuo Zhao , Tianbao Yang

Communication is one of the key bottlenecks in the distributed training of large-scale machine learning models, and lossy compression of exchanged information, such as stochastic gradients or models, is one of the most effective instruments…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Egor Shulgin , Peter Richtárik

Modern large language models are increasingly deployed under compute and memory constraints, making flexible control of model capacity a central challenge. While sparse and low-rank structures naturally trade off capacity and performance,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Hao Ma , Melis Ilayda Bal , Liang Zhang , Bingcong Li , Niao He , Melanie Zeilinger , Michael Muehlebach

Many approaches to transform classification problems from non-linear to linear by feature transformation have been recently presented in the literature. These notably include sparse coding methods and deep neural networks. However, many of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-07-08 Alessandro Montalto , Giovanni Tessitore , Roberto Prevete

The growing size of large language models has created significant computational inefficiencies. To address this challenge, sparse activation methods selectively deactivates non-essential parameters during inference, reducing computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Jaewon Cheon , Pilsung Kang

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) followed by reinforcement learning (RL) has become a standard post-training paradigm for large language models. This paradigm provides a cold-start for RL exploration, avoiding the inefficiency of pure RL where…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Qi Liu , Mingdi Sun , Yongyi He , Zhi Zheng , Tong Xu , Yi Zheng , Zhefeng Wang , Enhong Chen

This work presents a new method for enhancing communication efficiency in stochastic Federated Learning that trains over-parameterized random networks. In this setting, a binary mask is optimized instead of the model weights, which are kept…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Mohamad Mestoukirdi , Omid Esrafilian , David Gesbert , Qianrui Li , Nicolas Gresset