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Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently emerged as a powerful paradigm for facilitating the self-improvement of large language models (LLMs), particularly in the domain of complex reasoning tasks. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Ziru Liu , Cheng Gong , Xinyu Fu , Yaofang Liu , Ran Chen , Shoubo Hu , Suiyun Zhang , Rui Liu , Qingfu Zhang , Dandan Tu

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become the most effective post-training approach for improving the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). In practice, because of the high demands on latency and memory, it is particularly challenging…

RL-based agentic search enables LLMs to solve complex questions via dynamic planning and external search. While this approach significantly enhances accuracy with agent policies optimized via large-scale reinforcement learning, we identify…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Shiyu Liu , Yongjing Yin , Jianhao Yan , Yunbo Tang , Qinggang Zhang , Bei Li , Xin Chen , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Jinsong Su

Safety trained large language models (LLMs) can often be induced to answer harmful requests through jailbreak prompts. Because we lack a robust understanding of why LLMs are susceptible to jailbreaks, future frontier models operating more…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Shubham Kumar , Narendra Ahuja

Although safely enhanced Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in tackling various complex tasks in a zero-shot manner, they remain susceptible to jailbreak attacks, particularly the unknown jailbreak attack. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Fan Liu , Zhao Xu , Hao Liu

LLMs have made impressive progress, but their growing capabilities also expose them to highly flexible jailbreaking attacks designed to bypass safety alignment. While many existing defenses focus on known types of attacks, it is more…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Haoyu Wang , Zeyu Qin , Yifei Zhao , Chao Du , Min Lin , Xueqian Wang , Tianyu Pang

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) are promising alternatives to autoregressive large language models (AR-LLMs), as they potentially allow higher inference throughput. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a crucial component for dLLMs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yuchen Zhu , Wei Guo , Jaemoo Choi , Petr Molodyk , Bo Yuan , Molei Tao , Yongxin Chen

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in solving complex problems by generating structured, step-by-step reasoning content. However, exposing a model's internal reasoning process introduces additional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Zheng Lin , Zhenxing Niu , Haoxuan Ji , Yuzhe Huang , Haichang Gao

Deep learning (DL) has made notable progress in addressing complex radio access network control challenges that conventional analytic methods have struggled to solve. However, DL has shown limitations in solving constrained NP-hard problems…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-05 Hyeonho Noh , Byonghyo Shim , Hyun Jong Yang

Safety alignment mechanism are essential for preventing large language models (LLMs) from generating harmful information or unethical content. However, cleverly crafted prompts can bypass these safety measures without accessing the model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Sunbowen Lee , Shiwen Ni , Chi Wei , Shuaimin Li , Liyang Fan , Ahmadreza Argha , Hamid Alinejad-Rokny , Ruifeng Xu , Yicheng Gong , Min Yang

Considerable research efforts have been devoted to ensuring that large language models (LLMs) align with human values and generate safe text. However, an excessive focus on sensitivity to certain topics can compromise the model's robustness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Huachuan Qiu , Shuai Zhang , Anqi Li , Hongliang He , Zhenzhong Lan

Jailbreaks on large language models (LLMs) have recently received increasing attention. For a comprehensive assessment of LLM safety, it is essential to consider jailbreaks with diverse attributes, such as contextual coherence and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Xingang Guo , Fangxu Yu , Huan Zhang , Lianhui Qin , Bin Hu

The widespread application of large VLMs makes ensuring their secure deployment critical. While recent studies have demonstrated jailbreak attacks on VLMs, existing approaches are limited: they require either white-box access, restricting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yuxuan Zhou , Yang Bai , Kuofeng Gao , Tao Dai , Shu-Tao Xia

Large vision-language models (VLMs) are highly vulnerable to multimodal jailbreak attacks that exploit visual-textual interactions to bypass safety guardrails. In this paper, we present DTR, a novel inference-time defense that mitigates…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Tanqiu Jiang , Jiacheng Liang , Rongyi Zhu , Jiawei Zhou , Fenglong Ma , Ting Wang

The recent surge in jailbreaking attacks has revealed significant vulnerabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs) when exposed to malicious inputs. While various defense strategies have been proposed to mitigate these threats, there has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Tianlong Li , Zhenghua Wang , Wenhao Liu , Muling Wu , Shihan Dou , Changze Lv , Xiaohua Wang , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuanjing Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly popular for their advanced text generation capabilities across various domains. However, like any software, they face security challenges, including the risk of 'jailbreak' attacks that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Jie Li , Yi Liu , Chongyang Liu , Ling Shi , Xiaoning Ren , Yaowen Zheng , Yang Liu , Yinxing Xue

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in real-world systems. Given their broader applicability, prompt engineering has become an efficient tool for resource-scarce organizations to adopt LLMs for their own purposes. At the same…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Piyush Jaiswal , Aaditya Pratap , Shreyansh Saraswati , Harsh Kasyap , Somanath Tripathy

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated impressive capabilities across various real-world applications. However, due to the current text-in-text-out paradigm, it remains challenging for LLMs to handle dynamic and complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Timothy Wei , Annabelle Miin , Anastasia Miin

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly deployed, understanding the complexity and evolution of jailbreaking strategies is critical for AI safety. We present a mass-scale empirical analysis of jailbreak complexity across over 2…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Aldan Creo , Raul Castro Fernandez , Manuel Cebrian

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly acting as autonomous agents, but their continuous interaction with the environment can lead to in-context reward hacking (ICRH), a phenomenon where LLMs iteratively optimize their behavior to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Jiayong Wan , Jiawei Chen , Zhaoxia Yin , Liu Shuyuan , Hang Su