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In this article, we study unbalanced optimal transport (UOT) and establish a control-theoretic dynamical extension, which we call the unbalanced density control (UDC), for a class of Gaussian reference measures. In the static setting, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-07 Haruto Nakashima , Siddhartha Ganguly , Kenji Kashima

Unbalanced optimal transport (UOT) is a natural extension of optimal transport (OT) allowing comparison between measures of different masses. It arises naturally in machine learning by offering a robustness against outliers. The aim of this…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-06 Luca Nenna , Paul Pegon , Louis Tocquec

In this paper, we introduce a neural network-based method to address the high-dimensional dynamic unbalanced optimal transport (UOT) problem. Dynamic UOT focuses on the optimal transportation between two densities with unequal total mass,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-09-23 Wei Wan , Jiangong Pan , Yuejin Zhang , Chenglong Bao , Zuoqiang Shi

Dynamical formulations of optimal transport (OT) frame the task of comparing distributions as a variational problem which searches for a path between distributions minimizing a kinetic energy functional. In applications, it is frequently…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-11 Martin Bauer , Nicolas Charon , Tom Needham , Mao Nishino

We consider a Beckmann formulation of an unbalanced optimal transport (UOT) problem. The $\Gamma$-convergence of this formulation of UOT to the corresponding optimal transport (OT) problem is established as the balancing parameter $\alpha$…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-03-31 Zhe Xiong , Lei Li , Ya-Nan Zhu , Xiaoqun Zhang

Optimal transport (OT) compares probability distributions by computing a meaningful alignment between their samples. CO-optimal transport (COOT) takes this comparison further by inferring an alignment between features as well. While this…

We study the fundamental computational problem of approximating optimal transport (OT) equations using neural differential equations (Neural ODEs). More specifically, we develop a novel framework for approximating unbalanced optimal…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-21 Minh-Nhat Phung , Minh-Binh Tran

We present a general convex relaxation approach to study a wide class of Unbalanced Optimal Transport problems for finite non-negative measures with possibly different masses. These are obtained as the lower semicontinuous and convex…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-02 Giuseppe Savaré , Giacomo Enrico Sodini

This paper proposes the use of the Hellinger--Kantorovich metric from unbalanced optimal transport (UOT) in a dimensionality reduction and learning (supervised and unsupervised) pipeline. The performance of UOT is compared to that of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-24 Muhammad Rana , Keaton Hamm

Unbalanced optimal transport (UOT) extends optimal transport (OT) to take into account mass variations to compare distributions. This is crucial to make OT successful in ML applications, making it robust to data normalization and outliers.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-01-04 Thibault Séjourné , François-Xavier Vialard , Gabriel Peyré

This paper addresses the problem of Unbalanced Optimal Transport (UOT) in which the marginal conditions are relaxed (using weighted penalties in lieu of equality) and no additional regularization is enforced on the OT plan. In this context,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-09 Laetitia Chapel , Rémi Flamary , Haoran Wu , Cédric Févotte , Gilles Gasso

We statistically analyze empirical plug-in estimators for unbalanced optimal transport (UOT) formalisms, focusing on the Kantorovich-Rubinstein distance, between general intensity measures based on observations from spatio-temporal point…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-09-05 Marina Struleva , Shayan Hundrieser , Dominic Schuhmacher , Axel Munk

In this paper, we introduce a generalized dynamical unbalanced optimal transport framework by incorporating limited control input and mass dissipation, addressing limitations in conventional optimal transport for control applications. We…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-07 Dongjun Wu , Anders Rantzer

Optimal transport (OT) and unbalanced optimal transport (UOT) are central in many machine learning, statistics and engineering applications. 1D OT is easily solved, with complexity O(n log n), but no efficient algorithm was known for 1D…

Performance · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Gabriel Gouvine

Conditional Optimal Transport (COT) problem aims to find a transport map between conditional source and target distributions while minimizing the transport cost. Recently, these transport maps have been utilized in conditional generative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Jiwoo Yoon , Kyumin Choi , Jaewoong Choi

We study the Unbalanced Optimal Transport (UOT) between two measures of possibly different masses with at most $n$ components, where the marginal constraints of standard Optimal Transport (OT) are relaxed via Kullback-Leibler divergence…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-09 Quang Minh Nguyen , Hoang H. Nguyen , Yi Zhou , Lam M. Nguyen

Optimal Transport (OT) problem investigates a transport map that bridges two distributions while minimizing a given cost function. In this regard, OT between tractable prior distribution and data has been utilized for generative modeling…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Jaemoo Choi , Jaewoong Choi , Myungjoo Kang

We study the unbalanced optimal transport (UOT) problem, where the marginal constraints are enforced using Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) regularization. Our work is motivated by the observation that the literature on UOT is focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Piyushi Manupriya , J. Saketha Nath , Pratik Jawanpuria

This work studies how the introduction of the entropic regularization term in unbalanced Optimal Transport (OT) models may alter their homogeneity with respect to the input measures. We observe that in common settings (including balanced OT…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-01-07 Théo Lacombe

In this paper, we consider a discrete-time stochastic control problem with uncertain initial and target states. We first discuss the connection between optimal transport and stochastic control problems of this form. Next, we formulate a…

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