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Vector-Quantized Variational Autoencoders (VQ-VAE)[1] provide an unsupervised model for learning discrete representations by combining vector quantization and autoencoders. In this paper, we study the use of VQ-VAE for representation…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-03-05 Hanwei Wu , Markus Flierl

In the realm of image quantization exemplified by VQGAN, the process encodes images into discrete tokens drawn from a codebook with a predefined size. Recent advancements, particularly with LLAMA 3, reveal that enlarging the codebook…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Lei Zhu , Fangyun Wei , Yanye Lu , Dong Chen

In vector quantization the number of vectors used to construct the codebook is always an undefined problem, there is always a compromise between the number of vectors and the quantity of information lost during the compression. In this text…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Rami Kanhouche

Existing vector quantization (VQ) methods struggle with scalability, largely attributed to the instability of the codebook that undergoes partial updates during training. The codebook is prone to collapse as utilization decreases, due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Fengyuan Shi , Zhuoyan Luo , Yixiao Ge , Yujiu Yang , Ying Shan , Limin Wang

Vector Quantization (VQ) techniques face significant challenges in codebook utilization, limiting reconstruction fidelity in image modeling. We introduce a Dual Codebook mechanism that effectively addresses this limitation by partitioning…

The continuous improvements on image compression with variational autoencoders have lead to learned codecs competitive with conventional approaches in terms of rate-distortion efficiency. Nonetheless, taking the quantization into account…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Florian Borzechowski , Michael Schäfer , Heiko Schwarz , Jonathan Pfaff , Detlev Marpe , Thomas Wiegand

With the ever-increasing volume of visual data, the efficient and lossless transmission, along with its subsequent interpretation and understanding, has become a critical bottleneck in modern information systems. The emerged codebook-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Yongbo Wang , Haonan Wang , Guodong Mu , Ruixin Zhang , Jiaqi Chen , Jingyun Zhang , Jun Wang , Yuan Xie , Zhizhong Zhang , Shouhong Ding

Vector quantization (VQ) is a key component in discrete tokenizers for image generation, but its training is often unstable due to straight-through estimation bias, one-step-behind updates, and sparse codebook gradients, which lead to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Yifan Chang , Jie Qin , Limeng Qiao , Xiaofeng Wang , Zheng Zhu , Lin Ma , Xingang Wang

Visual tokenizers are fundamental to image generation. They convert visual data into discrete tokens, enabling transformer-based models to excel at image generation. Despite their success, VQ-based tokenizers like VQGAN face significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Zechen Bai , Jianxiong Gao , Ziteng Gao , Pichao Wang , Zheng Zhang , Tong He , Mike Zheng Shou

Existing vector quantization (VQ) based autoregressive models follow a two-stage generation paradigm that first learns a codebook to encode images as discrete codes, and then completes generation based on the learned codebook. However, they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Mengqi Huang , Zhendong Mao , Zhuowei Chen , Yongdong Zhang

Vector quantization (VQ) transforms continuous image features into discrete representations, providing compressed, tokenized inputs for generative models. However, VQ-based frameworks suffer from several issues, such as non-smooth latent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Sicheng Yang , Xing Hu , Qiang Wu , Dawei Yang

Autoregressive models have shown remarkable success in image generation by adapting sequential prediction techniques from language modeling. However, applying these approaches to images requires discretizing continuous pixel data through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Ziyao Guo , Kaipeng Zhang , Michael Qizhe Shieh

Vector quantization is a technique in machine learning that discretizes continuous representations into a set of discrete vectors. It is widely employed in tokenizing data representations for large language models, diffusion models, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Wenhao Zhao , Qiran Zou , Rushi Shah , Yudi Wu , Zhouhan Lin , Dianbo Liu

Recent work on KV cache quantization, culminating in TurboQuant, has approached the Shannon entropy limit for per-vector compression of transformer key-value caches. We observe that this limit applies to a strictly weaker problem than the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Gregory Magarshak

We present a novel approach to selective model quantization that transcends the limitations of architecture-specific and size-dependent compression methods for Large Language Models (LLMs) using Entropy-Weighted Quantization (EWQ). By…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Alireza Behtash , Marijan Fofonjka , Ethan Baird , Tyler Mauer , Hossein Moghimifam , David Stout , Joel Dennison

The quality of the latent space in visual tokenizers (e.g., VAEs) is crucial for modern generative models. However, the standard reconstruction-based training paradigm produces a latent space that is biased towards low-level information,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Jingfeng Yao , Yuda Song , Yucong Zhou , Xinggang Wang

Image quantization is a crucial technique in image generation, aimed at learning a codebook that encodes an image into a discrete token sequence. Recent advancements have seen researchers exploring learning multi-modal codebook (i.e.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Guotao Liang , Baoquan Zhang , Zhiyuan Wen , Junteng Zhao , Yunming Ye , Kola Ye , Yao He

In learning-based approaches to image compression, codecs are developed by optimizing a computational model to minimize a rate-distortion objective. Currently, the most effective learned image codecs take the form of an entropy-constrained…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-20 David Minnen , Saurabh Singh

The dimensionality of the embedding and the number of available embeddings ( also called codebook size) are critical factors influencing the performance of Vector Quantization(VQ), a discretization process used in many models such as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Hang Chen , Sankepally Sainath Reddy , Ziwei Chen , Dianbo Liu

Diffusion-based large language models (dLLMs) rely on bidirectional attention, which prevents lossless KV caching and requires a full forward pass at every denoising step. Existing approximate KV caching methods reduce this cost by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Minsoo Cheong , Donghyun Son , Woosang Lim , Sungjoo Yoo
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