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Large language model (LLM) routing assigns each query to the most suitable model from an ensemble. We introduce LLMRouterBench, a large-scale benchmark and unified framework for LLM routing. It comprises over 400K instances from 21 datasets…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Hao Li , Yiqun Zhang , Zhaoyan Guo , Chenxu Wang , Shengji Tang , Qiaosheng Zhang , Yang Chen , Biqing Qi , Peng Ye , Lei Bai , Zhen Wang , Shuyue Hu

Load Balancing is a fundamental technology for scaling cloud infrastructure. It enables systems to distribute incoming traffic across backend servers using predefined algorithms such as round robin, weighted round robin, least connections,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Raju Singh

Efficient routing is one of the key challenges for next generation vehicular networks in order to provide fast and reliable communication in a smart city context. Various routing protocols have been proposed for determining optimal routing…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-02-22 Benjamin Sliwa , Robert Falkenberg , Christian Wietfeld

We study the load balanced capacitated vehicle routing problem (LBCVRP): the problem is to design a collection of tours for a fixed fleet of vehicles with capacity Q to distribute a supply from a single depot between a number of predefined…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Haniyeh Fallah , Farzad Didehvar , Farhad Rahmati

The cloud datacenter has numerous hosts as well as application requests where resources are dynamic. The demands placed on the resource allocation are diverse. These factors could lead to load imbalances, which affect scheduling efficiency…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Sakshi Chhabra , Ashutosh Kumar Singh

With the rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) in recommendation systems, the computational and communication bottlenecks caused by their massive parameter sizes and large data volumes have become increasingly prominent. This paper…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Haowei Yang , Yu Tian , Zhongheng Yang , Zhao Wang , Chengrui Zhou , Dannier Li

Pipeline parallelism has emerged as a predominant approach for deploying large language models (LLMs) across distributed nodes, owing to its lower communication overhead compared to tensor parallelism. While demonstrating high throughput in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Tianyu Guo , Xianwei Zhang , Jiangsu Du , Zhiguang Chen , Nong Xiao , Yutong Lu

Load balancing across parallel servers is an important class of congestion control problems that arises in service systems. An effective load balancer relies heavily on accurate, real-time congestion information to make routing decisions.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Gal Mendelson , Xu Kuang

Deploying a large language model (LLM) inference service remains costly because centralized serving depends on specialized GPU clusters and high-bandwidth interconnects in datacenters. An appealing alternative is to leverage collaborative…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Chris Tong , Youhe Jiang , Gufeng Chen , Tianyi Zhao , Sibian Lu , Wenjie Qu , Eric Yang , Lynn Ai , Binhang Yuan

Existing GFlowNet-based methods for vehicle routing problems (VRPs) typically employ Trajectory Balance (TB) to achieve global optimization but often neglect important aspects of local optimization. While Detailed Balance (DB) addresses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ni Zhang , Zhiguang Cao

Increasing demand for Large Language Models (LLMs) services imposes substantial deployment and computation costs on providers. LLM routing offers a cost-efficient solution by directing queries to the optimal LLM based on model and query…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Fangzhou Wu , Sandeep Silwal

In the problem of online load balancing on uniformly related machines with bounded migration, jobs arrive online one after another and have to be immediately placed on one of a given set of machines without knowledge about jobs that may…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-09-05 Marten Maack

Distributed multi-task learning (DMTL) effectively improves model generalization performance through the collaborative training of multiple related models. However, in large-scale learning scenarios, communication bottlenecks severely limit…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Minquan Cheng , Yongkang Wang , Lingyu Zhang , Youlong Wu

Fat-tree networks have been widely adopted to High Performance Computing (HPC) clusters and to Data Center Networks (DCN). These parallel systems usually have a large number of servers and hosts, which generate large volumes of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-08-31 Suzhen Wang , Jingjing Luo , Bruce Kwong-Bun Tong , Wing S. Wong

Selecting the appropriate model at inference time -- the routing problem -- requires jointly optimizing output quality, cost, latency, and governance constraints. Existing approaches delegate this decision to LLM-based classifiers or…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Warren Johnson , Charles Lee

Timely delivery and optimal routing remain fundamental challenges in the modern logistics industry. Building on prior work that considers single-package delivery across networks using multiple types of collaborative agents with restricted…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Simon Bartlmae , Andreas Hene , Joshua Könen , Heiko Röglin

Data locality is a fundamental issue for data-parallel applications. Considering MapReduce in Hadoop, the map task scheduling part requires an efficient algorithm which takes data locality into consideration; otherwise, the system may…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-04-14 Ali Yekkehkhany

Production LLM serving must simultaneously deliver high throughput, low latency, and sufficient context capacity under non-stationary traffic and mixed request requirements. Data parallelism (DP) maximizes throughput by running independent…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Shouwei Gao , Junqi Yin , Feiyi Wang , Wenqian Dong

Exascale computing systems will exhibit high degrees of hierarchical parallelism, with thousands of computing nodes and hundreds of cores per node. Efficiently exploiting hierarchical parallelism is challenging due to load imbalance that…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Jonas H. Müller Korndörfer , Ahmed Eleliemy , Ali Mohammed , Florina M. Ciorba

Efficient parallelism is necessary for achieving low-latency, high-throughput inference with large language models (LLMs). Tensor parallelism (TP) is the state-of-the-art method for reducing LLM response latency, however GPU communications…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Mert Hidayetoglu , Aurick Qiao , Michael Wyatt , Jeff Rasley , Yuxiong He , Samyam Rajbhandari