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Deep neural networks are data hungry models and thus face difficulties when attempting to train on small text datasets. Transfer learning is a potential solution but their effectiveness in the text domain is not as explored as in areas such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-28 Yaser Keneshloo , Naren Ramakrishnan , Chandan K. Reddy

Diffusion models have shown an impressive ability to model complex data distributions, with several key advantages over GANs, such as stable training, better coverage of the training distribution's modes, and the ability to solve inverse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Yinbo Chen , Oliver Wang , Richard Zhang , Eli Shechtman , Xiaolong Wang , Michael Gharbi

Memorisation is a natural part of learning from real-world data: neural models pick up on atypical input-output combinations and store those training examples in their parameter space. That this happens is well-known, but how and where are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Verna Dankers , Ivan Titov

At the heart of machine learning lies the question of generalizability of learned rules over previously unseen data. While over-parameterized models based on neural networks are now ubiquitous in machine learning applications, our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Melikasadat Emami , Mojtaba Sahraee-Ardakan , Parthe Pandit , Sundeep Rangan , Alyson K. Fletcher

Deep learning models have a propensity for fitting the entire training set even with random labels, which requires memorization of every training sample. In this paper, we explore the memorization effect in adversarial training (AT) for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Yinpeng Dong , Ke Xu , Xiao Yang , Tianyu Pang , Zhijie Deng , Hang Su , Jun Zhu

This paper introduces a novel measure-theoretic theory for machine learning that does not require statistical assumptions. Based on this theory, a new regularization method in deep learning is derived and shown to outperform previous…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-03-08 Kenji Kawaguchi , Yoshua Bengio , Vikas Verma , Leslie Pack Kaelbling

Modern foundation models exhibit remarkable out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization, solving tasks far beyond the support of their training data. However, the theoretical principles underpinning this phenomenon remain elusive. This paper…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-29 Jiawei Ge , Amanda Wang , Shange Tang , Chi Jin

Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) is widely used for task-specific adaptation, yet recent work shows it systematically undermines reasoning generalization. We argue the root cause is not memorization itself, but its target: vanilla SFT drives…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ruiying Peng , Mengyu Yang , Jing Lei , Xiaohui Li , Xueyu Wu , Xinlei Chen

Recent efforts at explaining the interplay of memorization and generalization in deep overparametrized networks have posited that neural networks $\textit{memorize}$ "hard" examples in the final few layers of the model. Memorization refers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Pratyush Maini , Michael C. Mozer , Hanie Sedghi , Zachary C. Lipton , J. Zico Kolter , Chiyuan Zhang

Diffusion models are prone to exactly reproduce images from the training data. This exact reproduction of the training data is concerning as it can lead to copyright infringement and/or leakage of privacy-sensitive information. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Anubhav Jain , Yuya Kobayashi , Takashi Shibuya , Yuhta Takida , Nasir Memon , Julian Togelius , Yuki Mitsufuji

Diffusion models have emerged as a powerful new family of deep generative models with record-breaking performance in many applications, including image synthesis, video generation, and molecule design. In this survey, we provide an overview…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ling Yang , Zhilong Zhang , Yang Song , Shenda Hong , Runsheng Xu , Yue Zhao , Wentao Zhang , Bin Cui , Ming-Hsuan Yang

Humans have the ability to accumulate knowledge of new tasks in varying conditions, but deep neural networks often suffer from catastrophic forgetting of previously learned knowledge after learning a new task. Many recent methods focus on…

Humans have an impressive ability to reason about new concepts and experiences from just a single example. In particular, humans have an ability for one-shot generalization: an ability to encounter a new concept, understand its structure,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-05-26 Danilo Jimenez Rezende , Shakir Mohamed , Ivo Danihelka , Karol Gregor , Daan Wierstra

We introduce Mediffusion -- a new method for semi-supervised learning with explainable classification based on a joint diffusion model. The medical imaging domain faces unique challenges due to scarce data labelling -- insufficient for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Joanna Kaleta , Paweł Skierś , Jan Dubiński , Przemysław Korzeniowski , Kamil Deja

While many unsupervised learning models focus on one family of tasks, either generative or discriminative, we explore the possibility of a unified representation learner: a model which addresses both families of tasks simultaneously. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Soumik Mukhopadhyay , Matthew Gwilliam , Yosuke Yamaguchi , Vatsal Agarwal , Namitha Padmanabhan , Archana Swaminathan , Tianyi Zhou , Jun Ohya , Abhinav Shrivastava

Reinforcement learning research obtained significant success and attention with the utilization of deep neural networks to solve problems in high dimensional state or action spaces. While deep reinforcement learning policies are currently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Ezgi Korkmaz

The impressive capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have sparked debate over whether these models genuinely generalize to unseen tasks or predominantly rely on memorizing vast amounts of pretraining data. To explore this issue, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Xinyi Wang , Antonis Antoniades , Yanai Elazar , Alfonso Amayuelas , Alon Albalak , Kexun Zhang , William Yang Wang

Denosing diffusion model, as a generative model, has received a lot of attention in the field of image generation recently, thanks to its powerful generation capability. However, diffusion models have not yet received sufficient research in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-12 ZiHan Cao , ShiQi Cao , Xiao Wu , JunMing Hou , Ran Ran , Liang-Jian Deng

While diffusion models have emerged as a powerful class of generative models, their learning dynamics remain poorly understood. We address this issue first by empirically showing that standard diffusion models trained on natural images…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-21 Lorenzo Bardone , Claudia Merger , Sebastian Goldt

Deep generative models such as diffusion and flow matching are powerful machine learning tools capable of learning and sampling from high-dimensional distributions. They are particularly useful when the training data appears to be…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-04-30 Zachary Bogorad , Ibrahim Elsharkawy , Yonatan Kahn , Andrew J. Larkoski , Noam Levi