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Large language models trained with reinforcement learning (RL) for mathematical reasoning face a fundamental challenge: on problems the model cannot solve at all - "cliff" prompts - the RL gradient vanishes entirely, preventing any learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Ken Ding

On-policy distillation (OPD) is an increasingly important paradigm for post-training language models. However, we identify a pervasive Scaling Law of Miscalibration: while OPD effectively improves task accuracy, it systematically traps…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jiaxin Zhang , Xiangyu Peng , Qinglin Chen , Qinyuan Ye , Caiming Xiong , Chien-Sheng Wu

Deep reinforcement learning has demonstrated increasing capabilities for continuous control problems, including agents that can move with skill and agility through their environment. An open problem in this setting is that of developing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-14 Glen Berseth , Cheng Xie , Paul Cernek , Michiel Van de Panne

Generative flow and diffusion models provide the continuous, multimodal action distributions needed for high-precision robotic policies. However, their reliance on iterative sampling introduces severe inference latency, degrading control…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Shaolong Li , Lichao Sun , Yongchao Chen

Dataset distillation aims to learn a small synthetic dataset that preserves most of the information from the original dataset. Dataset distillation can be formulated as a bi-level meta-learning problem where the outer loop optimizes the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Yongchao Zhou , Ehsan Nezhadarya , Jimmy Ba

On-policy distillation (OPD) has shown strong potential for transferring reasoning ability from frontier or domain-specific models to smaller students. While effective on static single-turn tasks, its behavior in multi-turn agent settings…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Jiaqi Wang , Wenhao Zhang , Weijie Shi , Yaliang Li , James Cheng

Knowledge distillation is widely adopted in semantic segmentation to reduce the computation cost.The previous knowledge distillation methods for semantic segmentation focus on pixel-wise feature alignment and intra-class feature variation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Zhengbo Zhang , Chunluan Zhou , Zhigang Tu

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) of large language models can be viewed as an off-policy learning problem, where expert demonstrations come from a fixed behavior policy while training aims to optimize a target policy. Importance sampling is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Shiwan Zhao , Xuyang Zhao , Jiaming Zhou , Aobo Kong , Qicheng Li , Yong Qin

We investigate the design aspects of feature distillation methods achieving network compression and propose a novel feature distillation method in which the distillation loss is designed to make a synergy among various aspects: teacher…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-12 Byeongho Heo , Jeesoo Kim , Sangdoo Yun , Hyojin Park , Nojun Kwak , Jin Young Choi

Advanced reasoning in LLMs on challenging domains like mathematical reasoning can be tackled using verifiable rewards based reinforced fine-tuning (ReFT). In standard ReFT frameworks, a behavior model generates multiple completions with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Maxime Heuillet , Yufei Cui , Boxing Chen , Audrey Durand , Prasanna Parthasarathi

Distilling reasoning traces from strong large language models into smaller ones is a promising route to improve intelligence in resource-constrained settings. Existing approaches face a fundamental trade-off: offline distillation from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yumeng Zhang , Zhengbang Yang , Yevin Nikhel Goonatilake , Zhuangdi Zhu

Continual learning (CL) aims to learn new tasks without erasing previous knowledge. However, current CL methods primarily emphasize improving accuracy while often neglecting training efficiency, which consequently restricts their practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 RuiQi Liu , Boyu Diao , Libo Huang , Zijia An , Hangda Liu , Zhulin An , Yongjun Xu

Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates large language model inference by employing a faster draft model for generating multiple tokens, which are then verified in parallel by the larger target model, resulting in the text generated according…

Offline Behavior Distillation (OBD), which condenses massive offline RL data into a compact synthetic behavioral dataset, offers a promising approach for efficient policy training and can be applied across various downstream RL tasks. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Shiye Lei , Zhihao Cheng , Dacheng Tao

Dataset distillation seeks to synthesize a highly compact dataset that achieves performance comparable to the original dataset on downstream tasks. For the classification task that use pre-trained self-supervised models as backbones,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Qianxin Xia , Jiawei Du , Xin Zhang , Yuhan Zhang , Jielei Wang , Guoming Lu

Off-policy ensemble reinforcement learning (RL) methods have demonstrated impressive results across a range of RL benchmark tasks. Recent works suggest that directly imitating experts' policies in a supervised manner before or during the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-04 Zhang-Wei Hong , Prabhat Nagarajan , Guilherme Maeda

Memory-efficient transfer learning (METL) approaches have recently achieved promising performance in adapting pre-trained models to downstream tasks. They avoid applying gradient backpropagation in large backbones, thus significantly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Yutong Zhang , Jiaxin Chen , Honglin Chen , Kaiqi Zheng , Shengcai Liao , Hanwen Zhong , Weixin Li , Yunhong Wang

Knowledge distillation (KD) is a widely adopted approach for compressing large neural networks by transferring knowledge from a large teacher model to a smaller student model. In the context of large language models, token level KD,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Yihan Cao , Yanbin Kang , Zhengming Xing , Ruijie Jiang

Training vision-language models (VLMs) for complex reasoning remains a challenging task, i.a. due to the scarcity of high-quality image-text reasoning data. Conversely, text-based reasoning resources are abundant and scalable, but it is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Walid Bousselham , Hilde Kuehne , Cordelia Schmid

Knowledge distillation can be a cost-effective technique to distill knowledge in Large Language Models, if the teacher output logits can be pre-computed and cached. However, successfully applying this to pre-training remains largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Anshumann , Mohd Abbas Zaidi , Akhil Kedia , Jinwoo Ahn , Taehwak Kwon , Kangwook Lee , Haejun Lee , Joohyung Lee