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As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in risk-sensitive applications such as real-world open-ended question answering (QA), ensuring the trustworthiness of their outputs has become critical. Existing selective conformal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Qingni Wang , Yue Fan , Xin Eric Wang

We investigate the problem of machine learning-based (ML) predictive inference on individual treatment effects (ITEs). Previous work has focused primarily on developing ML-based meta-learners that can provide point estimates of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Ahmed Alaa , Zaid Ahmad , Mark van der Laan

We develop a novel approach for confidently accelerating inference in the large and expensive multilayer Transformers that are now ubiquitous in natural language processing (NLP). Amortized or approximate computational methods increase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Tal Schuster , Adam Fisch , Tommi Jaakkola , Regina Barzilay

The rapid proliferation of large language models (LLMs) in healthcare creates an urgent need for scalable and psychometrically sound evaluation methods. Conventional static benchmarks are costly to administer repeatedly, vulnerable to data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Tianpeng Zheng , Zhehan Jiang , Jiayi Liu , Shicong Feng

The recent progress in large language models (LLMs), especially the invention of chain-of-thought prompting, has made it possible to automatically answer questions by stepwise reasoning. However, when faced with more complicated problems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Ning Miao , Yee Whye Teh , Tom Rainforth

Large Language Models (LLMs) have the impressive ability to perform in-context learning (ICL) from only a few examples, but the success of ICL varies widely from task to task. Thus, it is important to quickly determine whether ICL is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Harvey Yiyun Fu , Qinyuan Ye , Albert Xu , Xiang Ren , Robin Jia

The quality of output from large language models (LLMs), particularly in machine translation (MT), is closely tied to the quality of in-context examples (ICEs) provided along with the query, i.e., the text to translate. The effectiveness of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Javad Pourmostafa Roshan Sharami , Dimitar Shterionov , Pieter Spronck

Large Language Models (LLMs) are pretrained on extensive multilingual corpora to acquire both language-specific cultural knowledge and general knowledge. Ideally, while LLMs should provide consistent responses to culture-independent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Yumeng Wang , Zhiyuan Fan , Qingyun Wang , May Fung , Heng Ji

Unlike traditional supervised learning, in many settings only partial feedback is available. We may only observe outcomes for the chosen actions, but not the counterfactual outcomes associated with other alternatives. Such settings…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Ruijiang Gao , Max Biggs , Wei Sun , Ligong Han

Test-time scaling paradigms have significantly advanced the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) on complex tasks. Despite their empirical success, theoretical understanding of the sample efficiency of various test-time strategies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Baihe Huang , Shanda Li , Tianhao Wu , Yiming Yang , Ameet Talwalkar , Kannan Ramchandran , Michael I. Jordan , Jiantao Jiao

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is fundamental to Vision-Language Models (VLMs) and high-quality data generation for LLM training. Yet, despite progress in average OCR accuracy, state-of-the-art VLMs still struggle with detecting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Yulong Zhang , Tianyi Liang , Xinyue Huang , Erfei Cui , Guoqing Wang , Xu Guo , Chenhui Li , Gongshen Liu

Although Large language Model (LLM)-powered information extraction (IE) systems have shown impressive capabilities, current fine-tuning paradigms face two major limitations: high training costs and difficulties in aligning with LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yushen Fang , Jianjun Li , Mingqian Ding , Chang Liu , Xinchi Zou , Wenqi Yang

In this paper, we introduce ChatCite, a novel method leveraging large language models (LLMs) for generating comparative literature summaries. The ability to summarize research papers with a focus on key comparisons between studies is an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Fernando Gabriela Garcia , Spencer Burns , Harrison Fuller

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in abstractive summarization tasks. However, their ability to precisely control summary attributes (e.g., length or topic) remains underexplored, limiting their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Sangwon Ryu , Heejin Do , Daehee Kim , Hwanjo Yu , Dongwoo Kim , Yunsu Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee , Jungseul Ok

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) perform well in general fields, they exhibit a confidence distortion problem on multi-choice question-answering (MCQA), particularly as the number of answer choices increases. Specifically, on MCQA with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Zicheng Xu , Guanchu Wang , Guangyao Zheng , Yu-Neng Chuang , Alexander Szalay , Xia Hu , Vladimir Braverman

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in complex reasoning tasks. However, they can be easily misled by unfaithful arguments during conversations, even when their original statements are correct. To this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Yong Zhao , Yang Deng , See-Kiong Ng , Tat-Seng Chua

Self-Consistency (SC) is an effective decoding strategy that improves the reasoning performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) by generating multiple chain-of-thought reasoning paths and selecting the final answer via majority voting.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Taewoong Yoon , Geunyeong Jeong , Geon Park , Sihyeong Yeom , Harksoo Kim

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved widespread success on a variety of in-context few-shot tasks, but this success is typically evaluated via correctness rather than consistency. We argue that self-consistency is an important…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Angelica Chen , Jason Phang , Alicia Parrish , Vishakh Padmakumar , Chen Zhao , Samuel R. Bowman , Kyunghyun Cho

With the rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), the Chain-of-Thought (CoT) component has become significant for complex reasoning tasks. However, in conventional Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), the model could allocate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Xiaofeng Shi , Qian Kou , Yuduo Li , Hua Zhou

Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) has proven effective for efficient LLM evaluation on multiple-choice benchmarks, but modern LLM evaluation increasingly relies on generation tasks where outputs are scored continuously rather than marked…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Esma Balkır , Alice Pernthaller , Marco Basaldella , José Hernández-Orallo , Nigel Collier