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Approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search on SSD-backed indexes is increasingly I/O-bound (I/O accounts for 70--90\% of query latency). We present an I/O-first framework for disk-based ANN that organizes techniques along three dimensions:…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Liang Li , Shufeng Gong , Yanan Yang , Yiduo Wang , Jie Wu

The in-memory algorithms for approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) have achieved great success for fast high-recall search, but are extremely expensive when handling very large scale database. Thus, there is an increasing request for…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Qi Chen , Bing Zhao , Haidong Wang , Mingqin Li , Chuanjie Liu , Zengzhong Li , Mao Yang , Jingdong Wang

Approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search in AI systems increasingly handles sensitive data on third-party infrastructure. Trusted execution environments (TEEs) offer protection, but cost-efficient deployments must rely on external SSDs,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Deevashwer Rathee , Jean-Luc Watson , Zirui Neil Zhao , G. Edward Suh , Raluca Ada Popa

Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS), as the core of vector databases (VectorDBs), has become widely used in modern AI and ML systems, powering applications from information retrieval to bio-informatics. While graph-based ANNS methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Dingyi Kang , Dongming Jiang , Hanshen Yang , Hang Liu , Bingzhe Li

As data volumes grow while memory capacity remains limited, disk-resident graph-based approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) methods have become a practical alternative to memory-resident designs, shifting the bottleneck from computation to…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xiaoyu Chen , Jinxiu Qu , Yitong Song , Shuhang Lu , Huiling Li , Minghui Jiang , Wei Zhou , Jianliang Xu , Xuanhe Zhou , Fan Wu

Given a vector dataset $\mathcal{X}$ and a query vector $\vec{x}_q$, graph-based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) aims to build a graph index $G$ and approximately return vectors with minimum distances to $\vec{x}_q$ by searching…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Jiongkang Ni , Xiaoliang Xu , Yuxiang Wang , Can Li , Jiajie Yao , Shihai Xiao , Xuecang Zhang

Storing and processing of embedding vectors by specialized Vector databases (VDBs) has become the linchpin in building modern AI pipelines. Most current VDBs employ variants of a graph-based ap- proximate nearest-neighbor (ANN) index…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Selim Furkan Tekin , Rajesh Bordawekar

Approximate nearest neighbour (ANN) search has become a central task in modern data-intensive applications, particularly when operating on large, heterogeneous, or high-dimensional datasets. However, many existing ANN methods struggle in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Elena Garcia-Morato , Maria Jesus Algar , Cesar Alfaro , Felipe Ortega , Javier Gomez , Javier M. Moguerza

As the dimensionality of modern learned representations increases to thousands of dimensions, the state-of-the-art Approximate Nearest Neighbor (ANN) indices exhibit severe limitations. Graph-based methods (e.g., HNSW) suffer from…

Nearest Neighbor Search (NNS) has recently drawn a rapid increase of interest due to its core role in managing high-dimensional vector data in data science and AI applications. The interest is fueled by the success of neural embedding,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Zhen Peng , Minjia Zhang , Kai Li , Ruoming Jin , Bin Ren

State-of-the-art algorithms for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) such as DiskANN, FAISS-IVF, and HNSW build data dependent indices that offer substantially better accuracy and search efficiency over data-agnostic indices by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Shikhar Jaiswal , Ravishankar Krishnaswamy , Ankit Garg , Harsha Vardhan Simhadri , Sheshansh Agrawal

Approximate Nearest Neighbor (ANN) search in high-dimensional Euclidean spaces is a fundamental problem with a wide range of applications. However, there is currently no ANN method that performs well in both indexing and query answering…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Jiuqi Wei , Xiaodong Lee , Zhenyu Liao , Themis Palpanas , Botao Peng

Large-scale approximate nearest neighbor search (ANN) has been gaining attention along with the latest machine learning researches employing ANNs. If the data is too large to fit in memory, it is necessary to search for the most similar…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Taiga Ikeda , Daisuke Miyashita , Jun Deguchi

Approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search is a fundamental problem in computer science for which in-memory graph-based methods, such as Hierarchical Navigable Small World (HNSW), perform exceptionally well. To scale beyond billions of…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Manuel Widmoser , Daniel Kocher , Nikolaus Augsten

Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) is a cornerstone algorithm for information retrieval, recommendation systems, and machine learning applications. While x86-based architectures have historically dominated this domain, the…

Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) in high dimensional spaces is crucial for many real-life applications (e.g., e-commerce, web, multimedia, etc.) dealing with an abundance of data. This paper proposes an end-to-end learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Abrar Fahim , Mohammed Eunus Ali , Muhammad Aamir Cheema

Approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) is a key retrieval technique for vector database and many data center applications, such as person re-identification and recommendation systems. It is also fundamental to retrieval augmented…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Yitu Wang , Shiyu Li , Qilin Zheng , Linghao Song , Zongwang Li , Andrew Chang , Hai "Helen" Li , Yiran Chen

Approximate Nearest Neighbor (ANN) search has become fundamental to modern AI infrastructure, powering recommendation systems, search engines, and large language models across industry leaders from Google to OpenAI. Hierarchical Navigable…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Ganap Ashit Tewary , Nrusinga Charan Gantayat , Jeff Zhang

Approximate nearest neighbor search (ANN) data structures have widespread applications in machine learning, computational biology, and text processing. The goal of ANN is to preprocess a set S so that, given a query q, we can find a point y…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Samuel McCauley

Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) is a fundamental operation in vector databases, enabling efficient similarity search in high-dimensional spaces. While dense ANNS has been optimized using specialized hardware accelerators, sparse…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Tianqi Zhang , Flavio Ponzina , Tajana Rosing
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