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Developers insert logging statements in source code to capture relevant runtime information essential for maintenance and debugging activities. Log level choice is an integral, yet tricky part of the logging activity as it controls log…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Youssef Esseddiq Ouatiti , Mohammed Sayagh , Bram Adams , Ahmed E. Hassan

Large Language Models (LLMs) deployed in high-stakes applications must simultaneously manage multiple risks, yet existing defenses are almost exclusively evaluated in isolation under a one-shot deployment assumption. In practice, providers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Xiangtao Meng , Wenyu Chen , Chuanchao Zang , Xinyu Gao , Jianing Wang , Li Wang , Zheng Li , Shanqing Guo

Logs produced by extensive software systems are integral to monitoring system behaviors. Advanced log analysis facilitates the detection, alerting, and diagnosis of system faults. Log parsing, which entails transforming raw log messages…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Wei Zhang , Xiangyuan Guan , Lu Yunhong , Jie Zhang , Shuangyong Song , Xianfu Cheng , Zhenhe Wu , Zhoujun Li

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into software development workflows, they also become prime targets for adversarial attacks. Among these, backdoor attacks are a significant threat, allowing attackers to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Quoc Hung Le , Thanh Le-Cong , Bach Le , Bowen Xu

Logs play a critical role in providing essential information for system monitoring and troubleshooting. Recently, with the success of pre-trained language models (PLMs) and large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing (NLP),…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Lipeng Ma , Weidong Yang , Sihang Jiang , Ben Fei , Mingjie Zhou , Shuhao Li , Mingyu Zhao , Bo Xu , Yanghua Xiao

As the ubiquity and complexity of system-on-chip (SoC) designs increase across electronic devices, the task of incorporating security into an SoC design flow poses significant challenges. Existing security solutions are inadequate to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Dipayan Saha , Shams Tarek , Katayoon Yahyaei , Sujan Kumar Saha , Jingbo Zhou , Mark Tehranipoor , Farimah Farahmandi

Logs are extensively used during the development and maintenance of software systems. They collect runtime events and allow tracking of code execution, which enables a variety of critical tasks such as troubleshooting and fault detection.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-20 Sasho Nedelkoski , Jasmin Bogatinovski , Alexander Acker , Jorge Cardoso , Odej Kao

Log anomaly detection (LAD) is essential to ensure safe and stable operation of software systems. Although current LAD methods exhibit significant potential in addressing challenges posed by unstable log events and temporal sequence…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Jiyu Tian , Mingchu Li , Zumin Wang , Liming Chen , Jing Qin , Runfa Zhang

This work examines the close interplay between cooperation and adaptation for distributed detection schemes over fully decentralized networks. The combined attributes of cooperation and adaptation are necessary to enable networks of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Vincenzo Matta , Paolo Braca , Stefano Marano , Ali H. Sayed

Gated recurrent networks such as those composed of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) nodes have recently been used to improve state of the art in many sequential processing tasks such as speech recognition and machine translation. However, the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Aditya Rawal , Risto Miikkulainen

System Instructions in Large Language Models (LLMs) are commonly used to enforce safety policies, define agent behavior, and protect sensitive operational context in agentic AI applications. These instructions may contain sensitive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Anubhab Sahu , Diptisha Samanta , Reza Soosahabi

Label propagation has proven to be a fast method for detecting communities in large complex networks. Recent developments have also improved the accuracy of the approach, however, a general algorithm is still an open issue. We present an…

Physics and Society · Physics 2011-04-21 Lovro Šubelj , Marko Bajec

Modern information and communication systems have become increasingly challenging to manage. The ubiquitous system logs contain plentiful information and are thus widely exploited as an alternative source for system management. As log files…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Tianzhu Zhang , Han Qiu , Gabriele Castellano , Myriana Rifai , Chung Shue Chen , Fabio Pianese

Large language models generate text through probabilistic sampling from high-dimensional distributions, yet how this process reshapes the structural statistical organization of language remains incompletely characterized. Here we show that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Ortal Hadad , Edoardo Loru , Jacopo Nudo , Niccolò Di Marco , Matteo Cinelli , Walter Quattrociocchi

A recently introduced novel community detection strategy is based on a label propagation algorithm (LPA) which uses the diffusion of information in the network to identify communities. Studies of LPAs showed that the strategy is effective…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2013-03-28 Gennaro Cordasco , Luisa Gargano

Log parsing transforms raw logs into structured templates containing constants and variables. It underpins anomaly detection, failure diagnosis, and other AIOps tasks. Current parsers are mostly reactive and log-centric. They only infer…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Jiaqi Sun , Wei Li , Heng Zhang , Chutong Ding , Shiyou Qian , Jian Cao , Guangtao Xue

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly prevalent in security research. Their unique characteristics, however, introduce challenges that undermine established paradigms of reproducibility, rigor, and evaluation. Prior work has…

LLM-based SOC log classifiers are commonly evaluated using regular-expression pipelines that extract structured fields from free-form model output. We demonstrate that this practice introduces a class of silent, systematic evaluation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Chaitanya Vilas Garware , Sharif Noor Zisad

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in tasks requiring complex reasoning, such as code generation, mathematical problem solving, and algorithmic synthesis -- especially when aided by reasoning tokens and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Jaechul Roh , Varun Gandhi , Shivani Anilkumar , Arin Garg

Large language model (LLM) services have been rapidly integrated into people's daily lives as chatbots and agentic systems. They are nourished by collecting rich streams of data, raising privacy concerns around excessive collection of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Zhen Tao , Shidong Pan , Zhenchang Xing , Emily Black , Talia Gillis , Chunyang Chen