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Reinforcement learning in partially observable domains is challenging due to the lack of observable state information. Thankfully, learning offline in a simulator with such state information is often possible. In particular, we propose a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Hai Nguyen , Andrea Baisero , Dian Wang , Christopher Amato , Robert Platt

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are an effective representation of control policies for a wide range of reinforcement and imitation learning problems. RNN policies, however, are particularly difficult to explain, understand, and analyze…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Anurag Koul , Sam Greydanus , Alan Fern

We consider the problem of building a state representation model in a continual fashion. As the environment changes, the aim is to efficiently compress the sensory state's information without losing past knowledge. The learned features are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-12 Hugo Caselles-Dupré , Michael Garcia-Ortiz , David Filliat

In this paper, we propose novel learning frameworks to tackle optimal control problems by applying the Pontryagin maximum principle and then solving for a Hamiltonian dynamical system. Applying the Pontryagin maximum principle to the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-08-13 Chandrajit Bajaj , Minh Nguyen

Continual learning systems are increasingly deployed in environments where retraining or reset is infeasible, yet many approaches emphasize task performance rather than the evolution of internal representations over time. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Vishnu Subramanian

Deep reinforcement learning has demonstrated remarkable achievements across diverse domains such as video games, robotic control, autonomous driving, and drug discovery. Common methodologies in partially-observable domains largely lean on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Michael Lanier , Ying Xu , Nathan Jacobs , Chongjie Zhang , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik

Optimal decision-making under partial observability requires reasoning about the uncertainty of the environment's hidden state. However, most reinforcement learning architectures handle partial observability with sequence models that have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Carlos E. Luis , Alessandro G. Bottero , Julia Vinogradska , Felix Berkenkamp , Jan Peters

Robustness under latent distribution shift remains challenging in partially observable reinforcement learning. We formalize a focused setting where an adversary selects a hidden initial latent distribution before the episode, termed an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Angad Singh Ahuja

Imitation learning is a control design paradigm that seeks to learn a control policy reproducing demonstrations from expert agents. By substituting expert demonstrations for optimal behaviours, the same paradigm leads to the design of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Dharmesh Tailor , Dario Izzo

Recurrent State-space models (RSSMs) are highly expressive models for learning patterns in time series data and system identification. However, these models assume that the dynamics are fixed and unchanging, which is rarely the case in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Vaisakh Shaj , Dieter Buchler , Rohit Sonker , Philipp Becker , Gerhard Neumann

In reinforcement learning, an agent interacts sequentially with an environment to maximize a reward, receiving only partial, probabilistic feedback. This creates a fundamental exploration-exploitation trade-off: the agent must explore to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Josep Lumbreras , Ruo Cheng Huang , Yanglin Hu , Marco Fanizza , Mile Gu

Traditionally, Reinforcement Learning (RL) aims at deciding how to act optimally for an artificial agent. We argue that deciding when to act is equally important. As humans, we drift from default, instinctive or memorized behaviors to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Alexis Jacq , Johan Ferret , Olivier Pietquin , Matthieu Geist

End-to-end reinforcement learning agents learn a state representation and a policy at the same time. Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have been trained successfully as reinforcement learning agents in settings like dialogue that require…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Layla El Asri , Adam Trischler

Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) are a general framework for sequential decision-making under latent state uncertainty, yet learning in POMDPs is intractable in the worst case. Motivated by sensing and probing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Ming Shi , Yingbin Liang , Ness B. Shroff

Recent studies have greatly improved reinforcement learning, and an increased interest in real-world implementation has emerged. In many cases, the implementation is challenged by time-varying disturbances as it introduces hidden states,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Saki Omi , Hyo-Sang Shin , Namhoon Cho , Antonios Tsourdos

Implicit models are a general class of learning models that forgo the hierarchical layer structure typical in neural networks and instead define the internal states based on an ``equilibrium'' equation, offering competitive performance and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Alicia Y. Tsai , Juliette Decugis , Laurent El Ghaoui , Alper Atamtürk

In this paper we study online Reinforcement Learning (RL) in partially observable dynamical systems. We focus on the Predictive State Representations (PSRs) model, which is an expressive model that captures other well-known models such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Wenhao Zhan , Masatoshi Uehara , Wen Sun , Jason D. Lee

Solving partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) requires computing policies under imperfect state information. Despite recent advances, the scalability of existing POMDP solvers remains limited. Moreover, many settings…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 David Hudák , Maris F. L. Galesloot , Martin Tappler , Martin Kurečka , Nils Jansen , Milan Češka

Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents deployed in real-world environments face degradation from sensor faults, actuator wear, and environmental shifts, yet lack intrinsic mechanisms to detect and diagnose these failures. We present an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Cameron Reid , Wael Hafez , Amirhossein Nazeri

In this paper, we consider reinforcement learning of Markov Decision Processes (MDP) with peak constraints, where an agent chooses a policy to optimize an objective and at the same time satisfy additional constraints. The agent has to take…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-09 Ather Gattami