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Although multi-instance learning (MIL) has succeeded in pathological image classification, it faces the challenge of high inference costs due to the need to process thousands of patches from each gigapixel whole slide image (WSI). To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Jiuyang Dong , Jiahan Li , Junjun Jiang , Kui Jiang , Yongbing Zhang

In digital pathology, whole-slide images (WSIs) are often difficult to handle due to their gigapixel scale, so most approaches train patch encoders via self-supervised learning (SSL) and then aggregate the patch-level embeddings via…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Myeongjang Pyeon , Janghyeon Lee , Minsoo Lee , Juseung Yun , Hwanil Choi , Jonghyun Kim , Jiwon Kim , Yi Hu , Jongseong Jang , Soonyoung Lee

Cytology is a valuable tool for early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, manual examination of cytology whole slide images (WSIs) is slow, subjective, and depends heavily on expert pathologists. To address this, we…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-18 Rupam Mukherjee , Rajkumar Daniel , Soujanya Hazra , Shirin Dasgupta , Subhamoy Mandal

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) or histopathology images are used in digital pathology. WSIs pose great challenges to deep learning models for clinical diagnosis, owing to their size and lack of pixel-level annotations. With the recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Soham Rohit Chitnis , Sidong Liu , Tirtharaj Dash , Tanmay Tulsidas Verlekar , Antonio Di Ieva , Shlomo Berkovsky , Lovekesh Vig , Ashwin Srinivasan

Machine learning models have become integral to many fields, but their reliability, defined as producing dependable, trustworthy, and domain-consistent predictions, remains a critical concern. Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Hassan Keshvarikhojasteh , Marc Aubreville , Christof A. Bertram , Josien P. W. Pluim , Mitko Veta

Whole slide image (WSI) classification is a critical task in computational pathology, requiring the processing of gigapixel-sized images, which is challenging for current deep-learning methods. Current state of the art methods are based on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Jingwei Zhang , Saarthak Kapse , Ke Ma , Prateek Prasanna , Joel Saltz , Maria Vakalopoulou , Dimitris Samaras

Whole slide image (WSI) classification requires repetitive zoom-in and out for pathologists, as only small portions of the slide may be relevant to detecting cancer. Due to the lack of patch-level labels, multiple instance learning (MIL) is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Seongho Keum , Sanghyun Kim , Soojeong Lee , Juho Lee

The Segment Anything Model (SAM) marks a significant advancement in segmentation models, offering robust zero-shot abilities and dynamic prompting. However, existing medical SAMs are not suitable for the multi-scale nature of whole-slide…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Hong Liu , Haosen Yang , Paul J. van Diest , Josien P. W. Pluim , Mitko Veta

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) play a crucial role in accurate cancer diagnosis and prognosis, as they provide tissue details at the cellular level. However, the rapid growth of computational tasks involving WSIs poses significant challenges.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Doanh C. Bui , Hoai Luan Pham , Vu Trung Duong Le , Tuan Hai Vu , Van Duy Tran , Khang Nguyen , Yasuhiko Nakashima

Accurate classification of Whole Slide Images (WSIs) and Regions of Interest (ROIs) is a fundamental challenge in computational pathology. While mainstream approaches often adopt Multiple Instance Learning (MIL), they struggle to capture…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Mingxi Fu , Xitong Ling , Yuxuan Chen , Jiawen Li , fanglei fu , Huaitian Yuan , Tian Guan , Yonghong He , Lianghui Zhu

We propose a modular framework for predicting cancer specific survival directly from whole slide pathology images (WSIs). The framework consists of four key stages designed to capture prognostic and morphological heterogeneity. First, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Ardhendu Sekhar , Vasu Soni , Keshav Aske , Garima Jain , Pranav Jeevan , Amit Sethi

In recent years, the use of deep learning (DL) methods, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and vision transformers (ViTs), has significantly advanced computational pathology, enhancing both diagnostic accuracy and efficiency.…

Tissue phenotyping is a fundamental computational pathology (CPath) task in learning objective characterizations of histopathologic biomarkers in anatomic pathology. However, whole-slide imaging (WSI) poses a complex computer vision problem…

While Large Language Models (LLMs) are emerging as a promising direction in computational pathology, the substantial computational cost of giga-pixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs) necessitates the use of Multi-Instance Learning (MIL) to enable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zhenfeng Zhuang , Fangyu Zhou , Liansheng Wang

Deep neural networks are increasingly applied in automated histopathology. Yet, whole-slide images (WSIs) are often acquired at gigapixel sizes, rendering them computationally infeasible to analyze entirely at high resolution. Diagnostic…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-10 Tarun G , Naman Malpani , Gugan Thoppe , Sridharan Devarajan

The multi-scale information among the whole slide images (WSIs) is essential for cancer diagnosis. Although the existing multi-scale vision Transformer has shown its effectiveness for learning multi-scale image representation, it still…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Saisai Ding , Juncheng Li , Jun Wang , Shihui Ying , Jun Shi

We propose a Hierarchical Multi-scale Knowledge-aware Graph Network (HMKGN) that models multi-scale interactions and spatially hierarchical relationships within whole-slide images (WSIs) for cancer prognostication. Unlike conventional…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-03 Bin Xu , Yufei Zhou , Boling Song , Jingwen Sun , Yang Bian , Cheng Lu , Ye Wu , Jianfei Tu , Xiangxue Wang

Whole slide imaging (WSI) refers to the digitization of a tissue specimen which enables pathologists to explore high-resolution images on a monitor rather than through a microscope. The formation of tissue folds occur during tissue…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-03-19 Morteza Babaie , H. R. Tizhoosh

Whole slide images (WSI) are microscopy images of stained tissue slides routinely prepared for diagnosis and treatment selection in medical practice. WSI are very large (gigapixel size) and complex (made of up to millions of cells). The…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Tristan Lazard , Marvin Lerousseau , Etienne Decencière , Thomas Walter

Encoding whole slide images (WSI) as graphs is well motivated since it makes it possible for the gigapixel resolution WSI to be represented in its entirety for the purpose of graph learning. To this end, WSIs can be broken into smaller…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-16 Milan Aryal , Nasim Yahyasoltani