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Measurement error in the observed values of the variables can greatly change the output of various causal discovery methods. This problem has received much attention in multiple fields, but it is not clear to what extent the causal model…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-06-14 Kun Zhang , Mingming Gong , Joseph Ramsey , Kayhan Batmanghelich , Peter Spirtes , Clark Glymour

Selective inference (SI) has been actively studied as a promising framework for statistical hypothesis testing for data-driven hypotheses. The basic idea of SI is to make inferences conditional on an event that a hypothesis is selected. In…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-29 Tomohiro Shiraishi , Daiki Miwa , Vo Nguyen Le Duy , Ichiro Takeuchi

Proximal causal inference (PCI) is a recently proposed framework to identify and estimate the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome in the presence of hidden confounders, using observed proxies. Specifically, PCI relies on two types of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-29 Prabrisha Rakshit , Xu Shi , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

This paper clarifies a fundamental difference between causal inference and traditional statistical inference by formalizing a mathematical distinction between their respective parameters. We connect two major approaches to causal inference,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-29 Muye Liu , Jun Xie

Causal inference from observational data often relies on the assumption of no unmeasured confounding, an assumption frequently violated in practice due to unobserved or poorly measured covariates. Proximal causal inference (PCI) offers a…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-02 Myeonghun Yu , Xu Shi , Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen

Causal structure discovery from observational data is fundamental to the causal understanding of autonomous systems such as medical decision support systems, advertising campaigns and self-driving cars. This is essential to solve well-known…

We explore fairness from a statistical perspective by selectively utilizing either conditional distance covariance or distance covariance statistics as measures to assess the independence between predictions and sensitive attributes. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Ruifan Huang , Haixia Liu

Causal inference is fundamental to empirical scientific discoveries in natural and social sciences; however, in the process of conducting causal inference, data management problems can lead to false discoveries. Two such problems are (i)…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Brit Youngmann , Michael Cafarella , Babak Salimi , Anna Zeng

We study distribution-free predictive inference for data with group symmetries, aiming to establish near-conditional coverage guarantees beyond exchangeability for structured data. While many predictive inference methods achieve a target…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-19 Yichen Shen , Mengxin Yu

Learning graphical conditional independence structures from nonlinear, continuous or mixed data is a central challenge in machine learning and the sciences, and many existing methods struggle to scale to thousands of samples or hundreds of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-05 Joseph Ramsey , Bryan Andrews , Peter Spirtes

Learning causal relationships among a set of variables, as encoded by a directed acyclic graph, from observational data is complicated by the presence of unobserved confounders. Instrumental variables (IVs) are a popular remedy for this…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-17 Jing Zou , Wei Li , Wei Lin

Multiple imputation (MI) inference handles missing data by imputing the missing values $m$ times, and then combining the results from the $m$ complete-data analyses. However, the existing method for combining likelihood ratio tests (LRTs)…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-01-03 Kin Wai Chan , Xiao-Li Meng

The inferential model (IM) framework provides valid prior-free probabilistic inference by focusing on predicting unobserved auxiliary variables. But, efficient IM-based inference can be challenging when the auxiliary variable is of higher…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-01-20 Ryan Martin , Chuanhai Liu

Independence testing plays a central role in statistical and causal inference from observational data. Standard independence tests assume that the data samples are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) but that assumption is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-07-04 Ragib Ahsan , Zahra Fatemi , David Arbour , Elena Zheleva

Causal phenomena associated with rare events occur across a wide range of engineering problems, such as risk-sensitive safety analysis, accident analysis and prevention, and extreme value theory. However, current methods for causal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-07-19 Chih-Yuan Chiu , Kshitij Kulkarni , Shankar Sastry

Causal discovery aims to recover causal structures generating the observational data. Despite its success in certain problems, in many real-world scenarios the observed variables are not the target variables of interest, but the imperfect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Haoyue Dai , Peter Spirtes , Kun Zhang

Estimating treatment effects from observational data requires choosing an adjustment set, but valid adjustment depends on an unknown causal graph. Graph misspecification can cause under-coverage, while graph-agnostic conformal wrappers may…

Missing data is a common problem in clinical data collection, which causes difficulty in the statistical analysis of such data. In this article, we consider the problem under a framework of a semiparametric partially linear model when…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-13 Zishu Zhan , Xiangjie Li , Jingxiao Zhang

The gold standard for discovering causal relations is by means of experimentation. Over the last decades, alternative methods have been proposed that can infer causal relations between variables from certain statistical patterns in purely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-21 Joris M. Mooij , Sara Magliacane , Tom Claassen

The problem of measuring conditional dependence between two random phenomena arises when a third one (a confounder) has a potential influence on the amount of information between them. A typical issue in this challenging problem is the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-12 Ferran de Cabrera , Marc Vilà-Insa , Jaume Riba