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The absence of transparency and explainability hinders the clinical adoption of Machine learning (ML) algorithms. Although various methods of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) have been suggested, there is a lack of literature that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Aida Brankovic , David Cook , Jessica Rahman , Wenjie Huang , Sankalp Khanna

Explanation methods and their evaluation have become a significant issue in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) due to the recent surge of opaque AI models in decision support systems (DSS). Since the most accurate AI models are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Helena Löfström , Karl Hammar , Ulf Johansson

The need for interpretable and accountable intelligent systems grows along with the prevalence of artificial intelligence applications used in everyday life. Explainable intelligent systems are designed to self-explain the reasoning behind…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Sina Mohseni , Niloofar Zarei , Eric D. Ragan

Explainable AI (XAI) is a rapidly growing domain with a myriad of proposed methods as well as metrics aiming to evaluate their efficacy. However, current studies are often of limited scope, examining only a handful of XAI methods and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Lukas Klein , Carsten T. Lüth , Udo Schlegel , Till J. Bungert , Mennatallah El-Assady , Paul F. Jäger

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods are currently evaluated with approaches mostly originated in interpretable machine learning (IML) research that focus on understanding models such as comparison against existing attribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-20 Shideh Shams Amiri , Rosina O. Weber , Prateek Goel , Owen Brooks , Archer Gandley , Brian Kitchell , Aaron Zehm

Despite promising developments in Explainable Artificial Intelligence, the practical value of XAI methods remains under-explored and insufficiently validated in real-world settings. Robust and context-aware evaluation is essential, not only…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Ivania Donoso-Guzmán , Kristýna Sirka Kacafírková , Maxwell Szymanski , An Jacobs , Denis Parra , Katrien Verbert

Many ethical frameworks require artificial intelligence (AI) systems to be explainable. Explainable AI (XAI) models are frequently tested for their adequacy in user studies. Since different people may have different explanatory needs, it is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Uwe Peters , Mary Carman

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to create transparency in modern AI models by offering explanations of the models to human users. There are many ways in which researchers have attempted to evaluate the quality of these XAI…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Joe Shymanski , Jacob Brue , Sandip Sen

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques are frequently required by users in many AI systems with the goal of understanding complex models, their associated predictions, and gaining trust. While suitable for some specific tasks…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Savio Rozario , George Čevora

As the manufacturing industry advances with sensor integration and automation, the opaque nature of deep learning models in machine learning poses a significant challenge for fault detection and diagnosis. And despite the related predictive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Ahmed Maged , Salah Haridy , Herman Shen

The lack of explainability of a decision from an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based "black box" system/model, despite its superiority in many real-world applications, is a key stumbling block for adopting AI in many high stakes applications…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Sheikh Rabiul Islam , William Eberle , Sheikh Khaled Ghafoor , Mohiuddin Ahmed

Explainable AI (XAI) has a counterpart in analytical modeling which we refer to as model explainability. We tackle the issue of model explainability in the context of prediction models. We analyze a dataset of loans from a credit card…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Donald Kridel , Jacob Dineen , Daniel Dolk , David Castillo

The field of explainable AI (XAI) has quickly become a thriving and prolific community. However, a silent, recurrent and acknowledged issue in this area is the lack of consensus regarding its terminology. In particular, each new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Sebastian Palacio , Adriano Lucieri , Mohsin Munir , Jörn Hees , Sheraz Ahmed , Andreas Dengel

AI governance frameworks increasingly rely on audits, yet the results of their underlying evaluations require interpretation and context to be meaningfully informative. Even technically rigorous evaluations can offer little useful insight…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Leon Staufer , Mick Yang , Anka Reuel , Stephen Casper

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is an emerging research field bringing transparency to highly complex and opaque machine learning (ML) models. Despite the development of a multitude of methods to explain the decisions of black-box…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Leander Weber , Sebastian Lapuschkin , Alexander Binder , Wojciech Samek

As AI systems increasingly mediate decisions in domains such as credit scoring and financial forecasting, their lack of transparency and bias raises critical concerns for fairness and public trust. Existing explainable AI (XAI) approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Kausik Lakkaraju , Siva Likitha Valluru , Biplav Srivastava

As AI becomes more common in everyday living, there is an increasing demand for intelligent systems that are both performant and understandable. Explainable AI (XAI) systems aim to provide comprehensible explanations of decisions and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Aline Mangold , Juliane Zietz , Susanne Weinhold , Sebastian Pannasch

It has been long debated that eXplainable AI (XAI) is an important topic, but it lacks rigorous definition and fair metrics. In this paper, we briefly summarize the status quo of the metrics, along with an exhaustive experimental study…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Xiao-Hui Li , Yuhan Shi , Haoyang Li , Wei Bai , Yuanwei Song , Caleb Chen Cao , Lei Chen

The opacity of AI models necessitates both validation and evaluation before their integration into services. To investigate these models, explainable AI (XAI) employs methods that elucidate the relationship between input features and output…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Zerui Wang , Yan Liu

The field of "explainable artificial intelligence" (XAI) seemingly addresses the desire that decisions of machine learning systems should be human-understandable. However, in its current state, XAI itself needs scrutiny. Popular methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Stefan Haufe , Rick Wilming , Benedict Clark , Rustam Zhumagambetov , Ahcène Boubekki , Jörg Martin , Danny Panknin