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Foundation models for tabular data, such as the Tabular Prior-data Fitted Network (TabPFN), are pre-trained on a massive number of synthetic datasets generated by structural causal models (SCM). They leverage in-context learning to offer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Qinyi Liu , Mohammad Khalil , Naman Goel

While tabular classification has traditionally relied on from-scratch training, a recent breakthrough called prior-data fitted networks (PFNs) challenges this approach. Similar to large language models, PFNs make use of pretraining and…

Foundation models are an emerging research direction in tabular deep learning. Notably, TabPFNv2 recently claimed superior performance over traditional GBDT-based methods on small-scale datasets using an in-context learning paradigm, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Ivan Rubachev , Akim Kotelnikov , Nikolay Kartashev , Artem Babenko

Recently, TabPFN has gained attention as a foundation model for tabular data. However, it struggles to integrate heterogeneous modalities such as images and text, which are common in domains like healthcare and marketing, thereby limiting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Wall Kim , Chaeyoung Song , Hanul Kim

Tabular data is one of the most ubiquitous sources of information worldwide, spanning a wide variety of domains. This inherent heterogeneity has slowed the development of Tabular Foundation Models (TFMs) capable of fast generalization to…

Tabular classification has traditionally relied on supervised algorithms, which estimate the parameters of a prediction model using its training data. Recently, Prior-Data Fitted Networks (PFNs) such as TabPFN have successfully learned to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-20 Benjamin Feuer , Chinmay Hegde , Niv Cohen

Foundation models have revolutionized tasks in computer vision and natural language processing. However, in the realm of tabular data, tree-based models like XGBoost continue to dominate. TabPFN, a transformer model tailored for tabular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Junwei Ma , Valentin Thomas , Guangwei Yu , Anthony Caterini

Pre-training is prevalent in deep learning for vision and text data, leveraging knowledge from other datasets to enhance downstream tasks. However, for tabular data, the inherent heterogeneity in attribute and label spaces across datasets…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Han-Jia Ye , Qi-Le Zhou , Huai-Hong Yin , De-Chuan Zhan , Wei-Lun Chao

Clustering tabular data is a fundamental yet challenging problem due to heterogeneous feature types, diverse data-generating mechanisms, and the absence of transferable inductive biases across datasets. Prior-fitted networks (PFNs) have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Tianqi Zhao , Guanyang Wang , Yan Shuo Tan , Qiong Zhang

Tabular foundation models such as TabPFN have revolutionized predictive machine learning for tabular data. At the same time, the driving factors of this revolution are hard to understand. Existing open-source tabular foundation models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Alexander Pfefferle , Johannes Hog , Lennart Purucker , Frank Hutter

Deep tabular modelling increasingly relies on in-context learning where, during inference, a model receives a set of $(x,y)$ pairs as context and predicts labels for new inputs without weight updates. We challenge the prevailing view that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Junwei Ma , Nour Shaheen , Alex Labach , Amine Mhedhbi , Frank Hutter , Anthony L. Caterini , Valentin Thomas

With the widespread deployment of deep learning models, they influence their environment in various ways. The induced distribution shifts can lead to unexpected performance degradation in deployed models. Existing methods to anticipate…

State-of-the-art data stream mining has long drawn from ensembles of the Very Fast Decision Tree, a seminal algorithm honored with the 2015 KDD Test-of-Time Award. However, the emergence of large tabular models, i.e., transformers designed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Afonso Lourenço , João Gama , Eric P. Xing , Goreti Marreiros

The advent of artificial intelligence has significantly enhanced credit scoring technologies. Despite the remarkable efficacy of advanced deep learning models, mainstream adoption continues to favor tree-structured models due to their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Xia Li , Hanghang Zheng , Xiwei Zhuang , Zhong Wang , Xiao Chen , Hong Liu , Jasmine Bai , Mao Mao

Tabular foundation models based on pretrained prior-data fitted networks~(PFNs) have shown strong generalization on diverse tabular tasks, but they are typically designed for \emph{non-strategic} settings where data distributions are…

Task-agnostic tabular foundation models such as TabPFN have achieved impressive performance on tabular learning tasks, yet the origins of their inductive biases remain poorly understood. In this work, we study TabPFN through the lens of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jianqiao Zheng , Cameron Gordon , Yiping Ji , Hemanth Saratchandran , Simon Lucey

Tabular foundation models (TFMs), such as TabPFN-2.6, TabICLv2, ConTextTab, Mitra, LimiX, and TabDPT, achieve strong zero-shot performance through in-context learning, but their inductive biases remain fixed at inference time. Adapting a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Duong Nguyen , Mohammed Jawhar , Nicolas Chesneau

Leveraging the in-context learning (ICL) capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) for tabular classification has gained significant attention for its training-free adaptability across diverse datasets. Recent advancements, like TabPFN,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Yuchen Zeng , Tuan Dinh , Wonjun Kang , Andreas C Mueller

In real-world scenarios, tabular data often suffer from distribution shifts that threaten the performance of machine learning models. Despite its prevalence and importance, handling distribution shifts in the tabular domain remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Changhun Kim , Taewon Kim , Seungyeon Woo , June Yong Yang , Eunho Yang

Self-training emerges as an important research line on domain adaptation. By taking the model's prediction as the pseudo labels of the unlabeled data, self-training bootstraps the model with pseudo instances in the target domain. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Menglong Lu , Zhen Huang , Yunxiang Zhao , Zhiliang Tian , Yang Liu , Dongsheng Li