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Quantum Error Correction will be necessary for preserving coherent states against noise and other unwanted interactions in quantum computation and communication. We develop a general theory of quantum error correction based on encoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-01-23 Emanuel Knill , Raymond Laflamme

Reliable quantum information processing in the face of errors is a major fundamental and technological challenge. Quantum error correction protects quantum states by encoding a logical quantum bit (qubit) in multiple physical qubits. To be…

Practical quantum computation heavily relies on the ability to perform quantum error correction in a fault-tolerant manner. Fault-tolerant encoding is a critical first step, and careful consideration of the error correction cycle that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-03 Andrea Rodriguez-Blanco , Ho Nam Nguyen , K. Birgitta Whaley

Quantum error correction is a crucial tool for mitigating hardware errors in quantum computers by encoding logical information into multiple physical qubits. However, no single error-correcting code allows for an intrinsically…

We systematically study the fundamental competition between quantum error correction (QEC) and continuous symmetries, two key notions in quantum information and physics, in a quantitative manner. Three meaningful measures of approximate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-14 Zi-Wen Liu , Sisi Zhou

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for quantum computers to perform useful algorithms, but large-scale fault-tolerant computation remains out of reach due to demanding requirements on operation fidelity and the number of…

Quantum error correction plays an important role in fault-tolerant quantum information processing. It is usually difficult to experimentally realize quantum error correction, as it requires multiple qubits and quantum gates with high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-10 Qihao Guo , Yuan-Yuan Zhao , Markus Grassl , Xinfang Nie , Guo-Yong Xiang , Tao Xin , Zhang-Qi Yin , Bei Zeng

Quantifying the energetic cost of implementing quantum operations is essential for assessing the efficiency and scalability of quantum sensing and information-processing technologies. Here, we introduce a framework for analysing the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-17 Yukuan Tao , Madalin Guta , Gerardo Adesso

Proposals for quantum computing devices are many and varied. They each have unique noise processes that make none of them fully reliable at this time. There are several error correction/avoidance techniques which are valuable for reducing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Mark S. Byrd , Daniel A. Lidar

We present a quantum error correction code which protects three quantum bits (qubits) of quantum information against one erasure, i.e., a single-qubit arbitrary error at a known position. To accomplish this, we encode the original state by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Chui-Ping Yang , Shih-I Chu , Siyuan Han

Executing quantum applications with quantum error correction (QEC) faces the gate non-universality problem imposed by the Eastin-Knill theorem. As one resource-time-efficient solution, code switching changes the encoding of logical qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-17 Anbang Wu , Keyi Yin , Andrew W. Cross , Ang Li , Yufei Ding

Quantum annealing is a promising approach for solving optimization problems, but like all other quantum information processing methods, it requires error correction to ensure scalability. In this work we experimentally compare two quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-02-03 Anurag Mishra , Tameem Albash , Daniel Lidar

The ambition of harnessing the quantum for computation is at odds with the fundamental phenomenon of decoherence. The purpose of quantum error correction (QEC) is to counteract the natural tendency of a complex system to decohere. This…

Quantum states are very delicate, so it is likely some sort of quantum error correction will be necessary to build reliable quantum computers. The theory of quantum error-correcting codes has some close ties to and some striking differences…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-04-17 Daniel Gottesman

Quantum error-correcting code (QECC) is the central ingredient in fault-tolerant quantum information processing. An emerging paradigm of dynamical QECC shows that one can robustly encode logical quantum information both temporally and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-29 Andrew Tanggara , Mile Gu , Kishor Bharti

Encoding information redundantly using quantum error-correcting (QEC) codes allows one to overcome the inherent sensitivity to noise in quantum computers to ultimately achieve large-scale quantum computation. The Steane QEC method involves…

We estimate the resource requirements, the total number of physical qubits and computational time, required to compute the ground state energy of a 1-D quantum Transverse Ising Model (TIM) of N spin-1/2 particles, as a function of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-08 Craig R. Clark , Kenneth R. Brown , Tzvetan S. Metodi , Samuel D. Gasster

In the setting of entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes (EAQECCs), the sender and the receiver have access to pre-shared entanglement. Such codes promise better information rates or improved error handling properties.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-02 Gaojun Luo , Martianus Frederic Ezerman , Markus Grassl , San Ling

The question of the energetic efficiency of quantum computers has gained increasing attention recently. A precise understanding of the resources required to operate a quantum computer with a targeted computational performance and how the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Francisca Góis , Marco Pezzutto , Yasser Omar

Concatenated error-correction schemes are well-understood routes to fault-tolerant quantum computing, and research on such schemes continues, including recent claims that they may be competitive with surface codes, and show potential when…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Marco Fellous-Asiani , Hui Khoon Ng , Robert S. Whitney