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AI agents are increasingly deployed to execute important tasks. While rising accuracy scores on standard benchmarks suggest rapid progress, many agents still continue to fail in practice. This discrepancy highlights a fundamental limitation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Stephan Rabanser , Sayash Kapoor , Peter Kirgis , Kangheng Liu , Saiteja Utpala , Arvind Narayanan

Building agents with adaptive behavior in cooperative tasks stands as a paramount goal in the realm of multi-agent systems. Current approaches to developing cooperative agents rely primarily on learning-based methods, whose policy…

The goal of agents in multi-agent environments is to maximize total reward against the opposing agents that are encountered. Following a game-theoretic solution concept, such as Nash equilibrium, may obtain a strong performance in some…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Sam Ganzfried

AI agents are increasingly developed and evaluated on benchmarks relevant to human work, yet it remains unclear how representative these benchmarking efforts are of the labor market as a whole. In this work, we systematically study the…

Testing conversational AI systems at scale across diverse domains necessitates realistic and diverse user interactions capturing a wide array of behavioral patterns. We present a novel multi-agent framework for realistic, explainable human…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Hareeshwar Karthikeyan

In this article we introduce the Arcade Learning Environment (ALE): both a challenge problem and a platform and methodology for evaluating the development of general, domain-independent AI technology. ALE provides an interface to hundreds…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-06-24 Marc G. Bellemare , Yavar Naddaf , Joel Veness , Michael Bowling

The Animal-AI Environment is a unique game-based research platform designed to facilitate collaboration between the artificial intelligence and comparative cognition research communities. In this paper, we present the latest version of the…

As AI usage becomes more prevalent in social contexts, understanding agent-user interaction is critical to designing systems that improve both individual and group outcomes. We present an online behavioral experiment (N = 243) in which…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Kehang Zhu , Nithum Thain , Vivian Tsai , James Wexler , Crystal Qian

Agent Skills are structured packages of procedural knowledge that augment LLM agents at inference time. Despite rapid adoption, there is no standard way to measure whether they actually help. We present SkillsBench, a benchmark of 86 tasks…

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have increased the demand for comprehensive benchmarks to evaluate their capabilities as human-like agents. Existing benchmarks, while useful, often focus on specific application scenarios,…

In the pursuit of artificial general intelligence, our most significant measurement of progress is an agent's ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments. Existing platforms for constructing such environments are typically…

Recent advancements in deep reinforcement learning have brought forth an impressive display of highly skilled artificial agents capable of complex intelligent behavior. In video games, these artificial agents are increasingly deployed as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-14 Ian Colbert , Mehdi Saeedi

Language models demonstrate both quantitative improvement and new qualitative capabilities with increasing scale. Despite their potentially transformative impact, these new capabilities are as yet poorly characterized. In order to inform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Aarohi Srivastava , Abhinav Rastogi , Abhishek Rao , Abu Awal Md Shoeb , Abubakar Abid , Adam Fisch , Adam R. Brown , Adam Santoro , Aditya Gupta , Adrià Garriga-Alonso , Agnieszka Kluska , Aitor Lewkowycz , Akshat Agarwal , Alethea Power , Alex Ray , Alex Warstadt , Alexander W. Kocurek , Ali Safaya , Ali Tazarv , Alice Xiang , Alicia Parrish , Allen Nie , Aman Hussain , Amanda Askell , Amanda Dsouza , Ambrose Slone , Ameet Rahane , Anantharaman S. Iyer , Anders Andreassen , Andrea Madotto , Andrea Santilli , Andreas Stuhlmüller , Andrew Dai , Andrew La , Andrew Lampinen , Andy Zou , Angela Jiang , Angelica Chen , Anh Vuong , Animesh Gupta , Anna Gottardi , Antonio Norelli , Anu Venkatesh , Arash Gholamidavoodi , Arfa Tabassum , Arul Menezes , Arun Kirubarajan , Asher Mullokandov , Ashish Sabharwal , Austin Herrick , Avia Efrat , Aykut Erdem , Ayla Karakaş , B. Ryan Roberts , Bao Sheng Loe , Barret Zoph , Bartłomiej Bojanowski , Batuhan Özyurt , Behnam Hedayatnia , Behnam Neyshabur , Benjamin Inden , Benno Stein , Berk Ekmekci , Bill Yuchen Lin , Blake Howald , Bryan Orinion , Cameron Diao , Cameron Dour , Catherine Stinson , Cedrick Argueta , César Ferri Ramírez , Chandan Singh , Charles Rathkopf , Chenlin Meng , Chitta Baral , Chiyu Wu , Chris Callison-Burch , Chris Waites , Christian Voigt , Christopher D. Manning , Christopher Potts , Cindy Ramirez , Clara E. Rivera , Clemencia Siro , Colin Raffel , Courtney Ashcraft , Cristina Garbacea , Damien Sileo , Dan Garrette , Dan Hendrycks , Dan Kilman , Dan Roth , Daniel Freeman , Daniel Khashabi , Daniel Levy , Daniel Moseguí González , Danielle Perszyk , Danny Hernandez , Danqi Chen , Daphne Ippolito , Dar Gilboa , David Dohan , David Drakard , David Jurgens , Debajyoti Datta , Deep Ganguli , Denis Emelin , Denis Kleyko , Deniz Yuret , Derek Chen , Derek Tam , Dieuwke Hupkes , Diganta Misra , Dilyar Buzan , Dimitri Coelho Mollo , Diyi Yang , Dong-Ho Lee , Dylan Schrader , Ekaterina Shutova , Ekin Dogus Cubuk , Elad Segal , Eleanor Hagerman , Elizabeth Barnes , Elizabeth Donoway , Ellie Pavlick , Emanuele Rodola , Emma Lam , Eric Chu , Eric Tang , Erkut Erdem , Ernie Chang , Ethan A. Chi , Ethan Dyer , Ethan Jerzak , Ethan Kim , Eunice Engefu Manyasi , Evgenii Zheltonozhskii , Fanyue Xia , Fatemeh Siar , Fernando Martínez-Plumed , Francesca Happé , Francois Chollet , Frieda Rong , Gaurav Mishra , Genta Indra Winata , Gerard de Melo , Germán Kruszewski , Giambattista Parascandolo , Giorgio Mariani , Gloria Wang , Gonzalo Jaimovitch-López , Gregor Betz , Guy Gur-Ari , Hana Galijasevic , Hannah Kim , Hannah Rashkin , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Harsh Mehta , Hayden Bogar , Henry Shevlin , Hinrich Schütze , Hiromu Yakura , Hongming Zhang , Hugh Mee Wong , Ian Ng , Isaac Noble , Jaap Jumelet , Jack Geissinger , Jackson Kernion , Jacob Hilton , Jaehoon Lee , Jaime Fernández Fisac , James B. Simon , James Koppel , James Zheng , James Zou , Jan Kocoń , Jana Thompson , Janelle Wingfield , Jared Kaplan , Jarema Radom , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein , Jason Phang , Jason Wei , Jason Yosinski , Jekaterina Novikova , Jelle Bosscher , Jennifer Marsh , Jeremy Kim , Jeroen Taal , Jesse Engel , Jesujoba Alabi , Jiacheng Xu , Jiaming Song , Jillian Tang , Joan Waweru , John Burden , John Miller , John U. Balis , Jonathan Batchelder , Jonathan Berant , Jörg Frohberg , Jos Rozen , Jose Hernandez-Orallo , Joseph Boudeman , Joseph Guerr , Joseph Jones , Joshua B. Tenenbaum , Joshua S. Rule , Joyce Chua , Kamil Kanclerz , Karen Livescu , Karl Krauth , Karthik Gopalakrishnan , Katerina Ignatyeva , Katja Markert , Kaustubh D. Dhole , Kevin Gimpel , Kevin Omondi , Kory Mathewson , Kristen Chiafullo , Ksenia Shkaruta , Kumar Shridhar , Kyle McDonell , Kyle Richardson , Laria Reynolds , Leo Gao , Li Zhang , Liam Dugan , Lianhui Qin , Lidia Contreras-Ochando , Louis-Philippe Morency , Luca Moschella , Lucas Lam , Lucy Noble , Ludwig Schmidt , Luheng He , Luis Oliveros Colón , Luke Metz , Lütfi Kerem Şenel , Maarten Bosma , Maarten Sap , Maartje ter Hoeve , Maheen Farooqi , Manaal Faruqui , Mantas Mazeika , Marco Baturan , Marco Marelli , Marco Maru , Maria Jose Ramírez Quintana , Marie Tolkiehn , Mario Giulianelli , Martha Lewis , Martin Potthast , Matthew L. Leavitt , Matthias Hagen , Mátyás Schubert , Medina Orduna Baitemirova , Melody Arnaud , Melvin McElrath , Michael A. Yee , Michael Cohen , Michael Gu , Michael Ivanitskiy , Michael Starritt , Michael Strube , Michał Swędrowski , Michele Bevilacqua , Michihiro Yasunaga , Mihir Kale , Mike Cain , Mimee Xu , Mirac Suzgun , Mitch Walker , Mo Tiwari , Mohit Bansal , Moin Aminnaseri , Mor Geva , Mozhdeh Gheini , Mukund Varma T , Nanyun Peng , Nathan A. Chi , Nayeon Lee , Neta Gur-Ari Krakover , Nicholas Cameron , Nicholas Roberts , Nick Doiron , Nicole Martinez , Nikita Nangia , Niklas Deckers , Niklas Muennighoff , Nitish Shirish Keskar , Niveditha S. Iyer , Noah Constant , Noah Fiedel , Nuan Wen , Oliver Zhang , Omar Agha , Omar Elbaghdadi , Omer Levy , Owain Evans , Pablo Antonio Moreno Casares , Parth Doshi , Pascale Fung , Paul Pu Liang , Paul Vicol , Pegah Alipoormolabashi , Peiyuan Liao , Percy Liang , Peter Chang , Peter Eckersley , Phu Mon Htut , Pinyu Hwang , Piotr Miłkowski , Piyush Patil , Pouya Pezeshkpour , Priti Oli , Qiaozhu Mei , Qing Lyu , Qinlang Chen , Rabin Banjade , Rachel Etta Rudolph , Raefer Gabriel , Rahel Habacker , Ramon Risco , Raphaël Millière , Rhythm Garg , Richard Barnes , Rif A. Saurous , Riku Arakawa , Robbe Raymaekers , Robert Frank , Rohan Sikand , Roman Novak , Roman Sitelew , Ronan LeBras , Rosanne Liu , Rowan Jacobs , Rui Zhang , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Ryan Chi , Ryan Lee , Ryan Stovall , Ryan Teehan , Rylan Yang , Sahib Singh , Saif M. Mohammad , Sajant Anand , Sam Dillavou , Sam Shleifer , Sam Wiseman , Samuel Gruetter , Samuel R. Bowman , Samuel S. Schoenholz , Sanghyun Han , Sanjeev Kwatra , Sarah A. Rous , Sarik Ghazarian , Sayan Ghosh , Sean Casey , Sebastian Bischoff , Sebastian Gehrmann , Sebastian Schuster , Sepideh Sadeghi , Shadi Hamdan , Sharon Zhou , Shashank Srivastava , Sherry Shi , Shikhar Singh , Shima Asaadi , Shixiang Shane Gu , Shubh Pachchigar , Shubham Toshniwal , Shyam Upadhyay , Shyamolima , Debnath , Siamak Shakeri , Simon Thormeyer , Simone Melzi , Siva Reddy , Sneha Priscilla Makini , Soo-Hwan Lee , Spencer Torene , Sriharsha Hatwar , Stanislas Dehaene , Stefan Divic , Stefano Ermon , Stella Biderman , Stephanie Lin , Stephen Prasad , Steven T. Piantadosi , Stuart M. Shieber , Summer Misherghi , Svetlana Kiritchenko , Swaroop Mishra , Tal Linzen , Tal Schuster , Tao Li , Tao Yu , Tariq Ali , Tatsu Hashimoto , Te-Lin Wu , Théo Desbordes , Theodore Rothschild , Thomas Phan , Tianle Wang , Tiberius Nkinyili , Timo Schick , Timofei Kornev , Titus Tunduny , Tobias Gerstenberg , Trenton Chang , Trishala Neeraj , Tushar Khot , Tyler Shultz , Uri Shaham , Vedant Misra , Vera Demberg , Victoria Nyamai , Vikas Raunak , Vinay Ramasesh , Vinay Uday Prabhu , Vishakh Padmakumar , Vivek Srikumar , William Fedus , William Saunders , William Zhang , Wout Vossen , Xiang Ren , Xiaoyu Tong , Xinran Zhao , Xinyi Wu , Xudong Shen , Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh , Yair Lakretz , Yangqiu Song , Yasaman Bahri , Yejin Choi , Yichi Yang , Yiding Hao , Yifu Chen , Yonatan Belinkov , Yu Hou , Yufang Hou , Yuntao Bai , Zachary Seid , Zhuoye Zhao , Zijian Wang , Zijie J. Wang , Zirui Wang , Ziyi Wu

Two traditional paradigms are often used to describe the behavior of agents in multi-agent complex systems. In the first one, agents are considered to be fully rational and systems are seen as multi-player games. In the second one, agents…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-03-17 Mickael Randour

Interactive behavior modeling of multiple agents is an essential challenge in simulation, especially in scenarios when agents need to avoid collisions and cooperate at the same time. Humans can interact with others without explicit…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Lingfeng Sun , Pin-Yun Hung , Changhao Wang , Masayoshi Tomizuka , Zhuo Xu

LLM-driven multi-agent-based simulations have been gaining traction with applications in game-theoretic and social simulations. While most implementations seek to exploit or evaluate LLM-agentic reasoning, they often do so with a weak…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Vince Trencsenyi , Agnieszka Mensfelt , Kostas Stathis

Learning in multi-agent environments is difficult due to the non-stationarity introduced by an opponent's or partner's changing behaviors. Instead of reactively adapting to the other agent's (opponent or partner) behavior, we propose an…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Woodrow Z. Wang , Andy Shih , Annie Xie , Dorsa Sadigh

This benchmark suite provides a comprehensive evaluation framework for assessing both individual LLMs and multi-agent systems in Real-world planning and scheduling scenarios. The suite encompasses 14 designed planning and scheduling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Longling Geng , Edward Y. Chang

We describe a formulation of multi-agents operating within a Cyber-Physical System, resulting in collaborative or adversarial games. We show that the non-determinism inherent in the communication medium between agents and the underlying…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Warisa Sritriratanarak , Paulo Garcia

Reinforcement learning has enabled agents to solve challenging tasks in unknown environments. However, manually crafting reward functions can be time consuming, expensive, and error prone to human error. Competing objectives have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Brendon Matusch , Jimmy Ba , Danijar Hafner