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While artificial intelligence has been applied to control players' decisions in board games for over half a century, little attention is given to games with no player competition. Pandemic is an exemplar collaborative board game where all…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Konstantinos Sfikas , Antonios Liapis

Large language model agents increasingly operate through an intermediate skill layer that mediates between user intent and concrete task execution. This layer is widely treated as an organizational abstraction, but we argue it is also a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Shawn Li , Chenxiao Yu , Han Wang , Wei Yang , Ryan Rossi , Franck Dernoncourt , Xiyang Hu , Philip Yu , Chaowei Xiao , Huan Zhang , Yue Zhao

Language models are increasingly deployed in interactive online environments, from personal chat assistants to domain-specific agents, raising questions about their cooperative and competitive behavior in multi-party settings. While prior…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Mukul Singh , Arjun Radhakrishna , Sumit Gulwani

Large Language Models (LLMs) based autonomous agents demonstrate multifaceted capabilities to contribute substantially to economic production. However, existing benchmarks remain focused on single agentic capability, failing to capture…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Keyu Li , Junhao Shi , Yang Xiao , Mohan Jiang , Jie Sun , Yunze Wu , Dayuan Fu , Shijie Xia , Xiaojie Cai , Tianze Xu , Weiye Si , Wenjie Li , Dequan Wang , Pengfei Liu

Safe, agile, and socially compliant multi-robot navigation in cluttered and constrained environments remains a critical challenge. This is especially difficult with self-interested agents with unique, unknown priorities in decentralized…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Vagul Mahadevan , Shangtong Zhang , Rohan Chandra

Agents based on large language models leverage tools to modify environments, revolutionizing how AI interacts with the physical world. Unlike traditional NLP tasks that rely solely on historical dialogue for responses, these agents must…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Peijie Yu , Yifan Yang , Jinjian Li , Zelong Zhang , Haorui Wang , Xiao Feng , Feng Zhang

There is an growing interest in using Large Language Models (LLMs) in multi-agent systems to tackle interactive real-world tasks that require effective collaboration and assessing complex situations. Yet, we still have a limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Sahar Abdelnabi , Amr Gomaa , Sarath Sivaprasad , Lea Schönherr , Mario Fritz

We examine the tuning of cooperative behavior in repeated multi-agent games using an analytically tractable, continuous-time, nonlinear model of opinion dynamics. Each modeled agent updates its real-valued opinion about each available…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-11-24 Shinkyu Park , Anastasia Bizyaeva , Mari Kawakatsu , Alessio Franci , Naomi Ehrich Leonard

Game environments provide rich, controllable settings that stimulate many aspects of real-world complexity. As such, game agents offer a valuable testbed for exploring capabilities relevant to Artificial General Intelligence. Recently, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Sihao Hu , Tiansheng Huang , Gaowen Liu , Ramana Rao Kompella , Fatih Ilhan , Selim Furkan Tekin , Yichang Xu , Zachary Yahn , Ling Liu

A simple model for cooperation between "selfish" agents, which play an extended version of the Prisoner's Dilemma(PD) game, in which they use arbitrary payoffs, is presented and studied. A continuous variable, representing the probability…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-11-10 H. Fort

Evaluating AI agents within complex, interactive environments that mirror real-world challenges is critical for understanding their practical capabilities. While existing agent benchmarks effectively assess skills like tool use or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Long Phan , Mantas Mazeika , Andy Zou , Dan Hendrycks

With more advanced natural language understanding and reasoning capabilities, large language model (LLM)-powered agents are increasingly developed in simulated environments to perform complex tasks, interact with other agents, and exhibit…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Zhiqiang Xie , Hao Kang , Ying Sheng , Tushar Krishna , Kayvon Fatahalian , Christos Kozyrakis

In open-world environments, artificial agents must often contend with novel conditions that deviate from their training or design assumptions. This paper studies the robustness of fixed-strategy agents to such novelty within the setting of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Mayank Kejriwal , Shilpa Thomas , Hongyu Li

Training agents in multi-agent competitive games presents significant challenges due to their intricate nature. These challenges are exacerbated by dynamics influenced not only by the environment but also by opponents' strategies. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 The Viet Bui , Tien Mai , Thanh Hong Nguyen

Large language models are proliferating, and so are the benchmarks that serve as their common yardsticks. We ask how the agglomeration patterns of these two layers compare: do they evolve in tandem or diverge? Drawing on two curated proxies…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Manuel Cebrian , Tomomi Kito , Raul Castro Fernandez

AI agents are expected to perform professional work across hundreds of occupational domains (from emergency department triage to nuclear reactor safety monitoring to customs import processing), yet existing benchmarks can only evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Xiaomeng Hu , Yinger Zhang , Fei Huang , Jianhong Tu , Yang Su , Lianghao Deng , Yuxuan Liu , Yantao Liu , Dayiheng Liu , Tsung-Yi Ho

Recent advances in deep reinforcement learning in the paradigm of locomotion using continuous control have raised the interest of game makers for the potential of digital actors using active ragdoll. Currently, the available options to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Joe Booth , Jackson Booth

Agent benchmarks have become the de facto measure of frontier AI competence, guiding model selection, investment, and deployment. However, reward hacking, where agents maximize a score without performing the intended task, emerges…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Hao Wang , Hanchen Li , Qiuyang Mang , Alvin Cheung , Koushik Sen , Dawn Song

While generalist foundation models like Gemini and GPT-4o demonstrate impressive multi-modal competence, existing evaluations fail to test their intelligence in dynamic, interactive worlds. Static benchmarks lack agency, while interactive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Fuqing Bie , Shiyu Huang , Xijia Tao , Zhiqin Fang , Leyi Pan , Junzhe Chen , Min Ren , Liuyu Xiang , Zhaofeng He

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities as autonomous agents, yet existing benchmarks either focus on single-agent tasks or are confined to narrow domains, failing to capture the dynamics of multi-agent coordination…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Kunlun Zhu , Hongyi Du , Zhaochen Hong , Xiaocheng Yang , Shuyi Guo , Zhe Wang , Zhenhailong Wang , Cheng Qian , Xiangru Tang , Heng Ji , Jiaxuan You