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LLM agents are beginning to invoke industrial asset-management tools through the Model Context Protocol (MCP), yet whether they can act reliably on this substrate for safety-critical \emph{Prognostics and Health Management (PHM)} is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Tianjun Feng , Yunfeng Chen , Chun-Yi Tsai , Yihan Sun , Ayan Das , Kaoutar El Maghraoui , Shuxin Lin , Dhaval Patel

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduces a standard specification that defines how Foundation Model (FM)-based agents should interact with external systems by invoking tools. However, to understand a tool's purpose and features, FMs rely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Mohammed Mehedi Hasan , Hao Li , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Bram Adams , Ahmed E. Hassan

Modern AI agents optimize programs by refactoring source code to trigger trusted compiler transformations. This preserves program semantics and reduces source code pollution, making the program easier to maintain and portable across…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Akash Deo , Simone Campanoni , Tommy McMichen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities as intelligent agents capable of solving complex problems. However, effective planning in scenarios involving dependencies between API or tool calls-particularly in…

LLM-based tool agents offer natural language interfaces, enabling users to seamlessly interact with computing services. While REST APIs are valuable resources for building such agents, they must first be transformed into AI-compatible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Xinyi Ni , Qiuyang Wang , Yukun Zhang , Pengyu Hong

LLM agents increasingly rely on reusable skills (e.g., `SKILL.md`) to execute complex tasks, yet these artifacts lack portability: agent frameworks are highly sensitive to prompt formatting, leading to a large performance variation for the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yipeng Ouyang , Yi Xiao , Yuhao Gu , Xianwei Zhang

Model Context Protocol (MCP) has become a key infrastructure for connecting LLMs with external tools, scaling to 10,000+ MCP servers with diverse tools. Unfortunately, there is still a large gap between real-world MCP usage and current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Guozhao Mo , Wenliang Zhong , Jiawei Chen , Qianhao Yuan , Xuanang Chen , Yaojie Lu , Hongyu Lin , Ben He , Xianpei Han , Le Sun

The advancement of LLM agents with tool-use capabilities requires diverse and complex training corpora. Existing data generation methods, which predominantly follow a paradigm of random sampling and shallow generation, often yield simple…

Large Language Models (LLMs) based autonomous agents demonstrate multifaceted capabilities to contribute substantially to economic production. However, existing benchmarks remain focused on single agentic capability, failing to capture…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Keyu Li , Junhao Shi , Yang Xiao , Mohan Jiang , Jie Sun , Yunze Wu , Dayuan Fu , Shijie Xia , Xiaojie Cai , Tianze Xu , Weiye Si , Wenjie Li , Dequan Wang , Pengfei Liu

Recent LLM-based Text-to-SQL methods usually suffer from significant performance degradation on "huge" databases and complex user questions that require multi-step reasoning. Moreover, most existing methods neglect the crucial significance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Bing Wang , Changyu Ren , Jian Yang , Xinnian Liang , Jiaqi Bai , LinZheng Chai , Zhao Yan , Qian-Wen Zhang , Di Yin , Xing Sun , Zhoujun Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) with tool-calling capabilities have demonstrated remarkable potential in executing complex tasks through external tool integration. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standardized framework for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Sarat Mudunuri , Jian Wan , Ally Qin , Srinivasan Manoharan

Large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated remarkable capabilities to comprehend human intentions, engage in reasoning, and design planning-like behavior. To further unleash the power of LLMs to accomplish complex tasks, there…

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) is one of the most critical aspects of building a performant compound AI system. Since the output from LLMs propagate to downstream steps, identifying LLM errors is crucial to system performance. A…

When a tool-calling agent picks the wrong tool, the failure is invisible until execution: the email gets sent, the meeting gets missed. As agents take on consequential actions, one bad tool call can do real damage. We currently have no way…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Zekun Wu , Ze Wang , Seonglae Cho , Yufei Yang , Adriano Koshiyama , Sahan Bulathwela , Maria Perez-Ortiz

Research on self-evolving language agents has accelerated, drawing increasing attention to their ability to create, adapt, and maintain tools from task requirements. However, existing benchmarks predominantly rely on predefined…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Bowei Xia , Mengkang Hu , Shijian Wang , Jiarui Jin , Wenxiang Jiao , Yuan Lu , Kexin Li , Ping Luo

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is emerging as a standard interface through which large language model (LLM) agents discover and invoke external tools. However, existing MCP evaluations fall short along three key axes: realistic multi-step…

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has become a common interface for connecting large language model (LLM) agents to external tools, but its reliance on stateless, eager schema injection imposes a hidden per-turn overhead the MCP Tax or Tools…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Anuj Sadani , Deepak Kumar

LLM agents are rapidly becoming the practical interface for task automation, yet the ecosystem lacks a principled way to choose among an exploding space of deployable configurations. Existing LLM leaderboards and tool/agent benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Yunxiao Shi , Wujiang Xu , Tingwei Chen , Haoning Shang , Ling Yang , Yunfeng Wan , Zhuo Cao , Xing Zi , Dimitris N. Metaxas , Min Xu

Software comprehension can be extremely time-consuming due to the ever-growing size of codebases. Consequently, there is an increasing need to accelerate the code comprehension process to facilitate maintenance and reduce associated costs.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Krzysztof Borowski , Bartosz Baliś , Tomasz Orzechowski

Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences through finetuning is resource-intensive, motivating lightweight alternatives at test time. We address test-time alignment through the lens of sequential decision making, a…