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Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as an effective method for training reasoning models. While it computes advantages based on group mean, GRPO treats each output as an independent sample during the optimization and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Yu Li , Tian Lan , Zhengling Qi

Recent studies have extended Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) to autoregressive (AR) visual generation and achieved promising progress. However, existing methods typically apply uniform optimization across all image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Guohui Zhang , Hu Yu , Xiaoxiao Ma , JingHao Zhang , Yaning Pan , Mingde Yao , Jie Xiao , Linjiang Huang , Feng Zhao

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has proven effective for Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning, yet current methods face key challenges in resource allocation and policy optimization dynamics: (i) uniform rollout…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yangyi Fang , Jiaye Lin , Xiaoliang Fu , Cong Qin , Haolin Shi , Chaowen Hu , Lu Pan , Ke Zeng , Xunliang Cai

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities through Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) methods. However, a key limitation of existing approaches is that rewards defined at the full trajectory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhicheng Yang , Zhijiang Guo , Yinya Huang , Xiaodan Liang , Yiwei Wang , Jing Tang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a key driver of language model reasoning. Among RL algorithms, Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is the de facto standard, avoiding the need for a critic by using per-prompt baselines and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Cheng Ge , Caitlyn Heqi Yin , Hao Liang , Jiawei Zhang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has become a central approach for improving the reasoning ability of large language models. Recent work studies RLVR through token entropy, arguing that high-entropy tokens drive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Xinzhu Chen , Xuesheng Li , Zhongxiang Sun , Weijie Yu

Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is central to aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) in reasoning tasks with verifiable rewards. However, standard token-level PPO struggles in this setting due to the instability of temporal credit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Tianyi Wang , Yixia Li , Long Li , Yibiao Chen , Shaohan Huang , Yun Chen , Peng Li , Yang Liu , Guanhua Chen

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has significantly enhanced the reasoning capability of large language models by optimizing the arithmetic mean of token-level rewards. Unfortunately, GRPO is observed to suffer from unstable policy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yuzhong Zhao , Yue Liu , Junpeng Liu , Jingye Chen , Xun Wu , Yaru Hao , Tengchao Lv , Shaohan Huang , Lei Cui , Qixiang Ye , Fang Wan , Furu Wei

In practice, rigorous reasoning is often a key driver of correct code, while Reinforcement Learning (RL) for code generation often neglects optimizing reasoning quality. Bringing process-level supervision into RL is appealing, but it faces…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Lishui Fan , Yu Zhang , Mouxiang Chen , Zhongxin Liu

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has significantly advanced the reasoning ability of vision-language models (VLMs). However, the inherent text-dominated nature of VLMs often leads to insufficient visual faithfulness,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Zengbin Wang , Feng Xiong , Liang Lin , Xuecai Hu , Yong Wang , Yanlin Wang , Man Zhang , Xiangxiang Chu

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) offer a promising route to parallel and efficient text generation, but improving their reasoning ability requires effective post-training. Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zichao Yu , Shengze Xu , Bingqing Jiang , Wenyi Zhang , Difan Zou

Multimodal Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning requires large vision-language models to construct reasoning trajectories that interleave perceptual grounding with multi-step inference. However, existing Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Yunheng Li , Hangyi Kuang , Hengrui Zhang , Jiangxia Cao , Zhaojie Liu , Qibin Hou , Ming-Ming Cheng

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR)-based post-training of Large Language Models (LLMs) has been shown to improve accuracy on reasoning tasks and continues to attract significant attention. Existing RLVR methods, however,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Soumya Rani Samineni , Durgesh Kalwar , Vardaan Gangal , Siddhant Bhambri , Subbarao Kambhampati

The advantage function is a central concept in RL that helps reduce variance in policy gradient estimates. For language modeling, Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) was proposed to use the within-group sample mean as a baseline for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Hu Wang , Congbo Ma , Ian Reid , Mohammad Yaqub

As a new way of training generative models, Generative Adversarial Nets (GAN) that uses a discriminative model to guide the training of the generative model has enjoyed considerable success in generating real-valued data. However, it has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-08-28 Lantao Yu , Weinan Zhang , Jun Wang , Yong Yu

Group Relative Policy Optimization(GRPO) has become a cornerstone of modern reinforcement learning alignment, prized for its efficacy in foregoing an explicit value-critic by leveraging reward normalization across sampled trajectory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Redacted by arXiv

Reinforcement Learning with Verified Reward (RLVR) has emerged as a critical paradigm for advancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). Most existing RLVR methods, such as GRPO and its variants, ensure stable updates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Qingyuan Wu , Yuhui Wang , Simon Sinong Zhan , Yanning Dai , Shilong Deng , Sarra Habchi , Qi Zhu , Matthias Gallé , Chao Huang

Recently, large reasoning models demonstrate exceptional performance on various tasks. However, reasoning models always consume excessive tokens even for simple queries, leading to resource waste and prolonged user latency. To address this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Zheng Li , Qingxiu Dong , Jingyuan Ma , Di Zhang , Kai Jia , Zhifang Sui

Reinforcement fine-tuning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for equipping large vision-language models (LVLMs) with agentic capabilities such as tool use and multi-step reasoning. Despite striking empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Carter Adams , Rafael Oliveira , Gabriel Almeida , Sofia Torres

High-concurrency asynchronous training upon parameter server (PS) architecture and high-performance synchronous training upon all-reduce (AR) architecture are the most commonly deployed distributed training modes for recommendation models.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Wenbo Su , Yuanxing Zhang , Yufeng Cai , Kaixu Ren , Pengjie Wang , Huimin Yi , Yue Song , Jing Chen , Hongbo Deng , Jian Xu , Lin Qu , Bo zheng