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Reinforcement learning with verifiable reward has recently emerged as a central paradigm for post-training large language models (LLMs); however, prevailing mean-based methods, such as Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Tao Ren , Jinyang Jiang , Hui Yang , Wan Tian , Minhao Zou , Guanghao Li , Zishi Zhang , Qinghao Wang , Shentao Qin , Yanjun Zhao , Rui Tao , Hui Shao , Yijie Peng

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR), particularly Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), has advanced LLM reasoning. However, GRPO suffers from three credit assignment failures: uniform token-level granularity that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Song Yu , Li Li , Wenwen Zhao , Zhisheng Yang

Group-based reinforcement learning methods, like Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), are widely used nowadays to post-train large language models. Despite their empirical success, they exhibit structural mismatches between reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Aleksandar Fontana , Marco Simoni , Giulio Rossolini , Andrea Saracino , Paolo Mori

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) or verifiable rewards (RLVR), the standard paradigm for aligning LLMs or building recent SOTA reasoning models, is highly sensitive to noise from inconsistent or erroneous rewards. Yet, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Omar El Mansouri , Fathinah Asma Izzati , Mohamed El Amine Seddik , Salem Lahlou

Training Large Language Models (LLMs) for reasoning tasks is increasingly driven by Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR), where Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) provides a principled framework for stable policy updates.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Xue Gong , Qi Yi , Ziyuan Nan , Guanhua Huang , Kejiao Li , Yuhao Jiang , Ruibin Xiong , Zenan Xu , Jiaming Guo , Shaohui Peng , Bo Zhou

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as the de facto Reinforcement Learning (RL) objective driving recent advancements in Multimodal Large Language Models. However, extending this success to open-source multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Wenbo Hu , Xin Chen , Yan Gao-Tian , Yihe Deng , Nanyun Peng , Kai-Wei Chang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a key approach for enhancing LLM reasoning. However, standard frameworks like Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) typically employ a uniform rollout budget, leading…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Zhiyuan Yao , Yi-Kai Zhang , Yuxin Chen , Yueqing Sun , Zishan Xu , Yu Yang , Tianhao Hu , Qi Gu , Hui Su , Xunliang Cai

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a promising approach to improve the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). Among RLVR algorithms, Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) and its variants…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zhaokang Liao , Yingguo Gao , Yi Yang , Yongheng Hu , Jingting Ding

The success of Deepseek-R1 has drawn the LLM community's attention to reinforcement learning (RL) methods like GRPO. However, such rule-based 0/1 outcome reward methods lack the capability to regulate the intermediate reasoning processes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Muzhi Dai , Shixuan Liu , Qingyi Si

Recent applications of Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) to Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated significant success in enhancing reasoning capabilities for complex tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Fanfan Liu , Youyang Yin , Peng Shi , Siqi Yang , Zhixiong Zeng , Haibo Qiu

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is pivotal for enhancing Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning, yet mainstream algorithms such as GRPO and DAPO remain constrained by a coarse-grained credit assignment paradigm, where all tokens within the same…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Hongze Tan , Zihan Wang , Jianfei Pan , Jinghao Lin , Hao Wang , Yifan Wu , Tao Chen , Zhihang Zheng , Zhihao Tang , Haihua Yang

Reinforcement learning improves LLM reasoning, yet sparse delayed reward over long sequences makes token-level credit assignment the key bottleneck. We study the verifiable-reward setting, where the final answer is checkable and multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Hieu Tran , Zonghai Yao , Hong Yu

Large reasoning models (LRMs) are typically trained using reinforcement learning with verifiable reward (RLVR) to enhance their reasoning abilities. In this paradigm, policies are updated using both positive and negative self-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Xinyu Tang , Yuliang Zhan , Zhixun Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Zhenduo Zhang , Zujie Wen , Zhiqiang Zhang , Jun Zhou

Reinforcement learning (RL) plays an increasingly important role in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), yet stable and performant policy optimization remains challenging. Token-level importance ratios often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Chang Gao , Chujie Zheng , Xiong-Hui Chen , Kai Dang , Shixuan Liu , Bowen Yu , An Yang , Shuai Bai , Jingren Zhou , Junyang Lin

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has significantly improved large language model reasoning, but existing RL fine-tuning methods rely heavily on heuristic techniques such as entropy regularization and reweighting to maintain stability. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Shiqi Liu , Zeyu He , Guojian Zhan , Letian Tao , Zhilong Zheng , Jiang Wu , Yinuo Wang , Yang Guan , Kehua Sheng , Bo Zhang , Keqiang Li , Jingliang Duan , Shengbo Eben Li

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has proven to be an effective post-training strategy for enhancing reasoning in vision-language models (VLMs). Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is a recent prominent method that encourages models to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Jiaqi Wang , Kevin Qinghong Lin , James Cheng , Mike Zheng Shou

Recent work on enhancing the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs) has introduced explicit length control as a means of constraining computational cost while preserving accuracy. However, existing approaches rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud , Kumail Alhamoud , Abed Hammoud , Elie Bou-Zeid , Marzyeh Ghassemi , Bernard Ghanem

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has markedly enhanced the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). Its success, however, largely depends on strong base models with rich world knowledge, yielding only modest…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Yongxin Guo , Wenbo Deng , Zhenglin Cheng , Xiaoying Tang

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has emerged as an effective post-training paradigm for improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models. However, existing group-based RLVR methods often suffer from severe…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Haechan Kim , Soohyun Ryu , Gyouk Chu , Doohyuk Jang , Eunho Yang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated that reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) can significantly enhance reasoning abilities by directly optimizing correctness, rather than relying solely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Minbin Huang , Runhui Huang , Chuanyang Zheng , Jingyao Li , Guoxuan Chen , Han Shi , Hong Cheng