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Post-training model quantization is a widely adopted technique for reducing the memory and computational costs of large language models (LLMs). However, most existing methods rely on uniform or heuristic bitwidth assignments, failing to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Chao Zhang , Li Wang , Samson Lasaulce , Merouane Debbah

A lot of recent progress has been made in ultra low-bit quantization, promising significant improvements in latency, memory footprint and energy consumption on edge devices. Quantization methods such as Learned Step Size Quantization can…

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements in natural language processing, showcasing exceptional performance across various tasks. However, the expensive memory and computational requirements present significant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Ruihao Gong , Yifu Ding , Zining Wang , Chengtao Lv , Xingyu Zheng , Jinyang Du , Haotong Qin , Jinyang Guo , Michele Magno , Xianglong Liu

As the rapid scaling of large language models (LLMs) poses significant challenges for deployment on resource-constrained devices, there is growing interest in extremely low-bit quantization, such as 2-bit. Although prior works have shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Jung Hyun Lee , Seungjae Shin , Vinnam Kim , Jaeseong You , An Chen

Large language models have achieved significant advancements in complex mathematical reasoning benchmarks, such as MATH. However, their substantial computational requirements present challenges for practical deployment. Model quantization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Zhen Li , Yupeng Su , Runming Yang , Congkai Xie , Zheng Wang , Zhongwei Xie , Ngai Wong , Hongxia Yang

Large language models (LLMs) have proven to be very superior to conventional methods in various tasks. However, their expensive computations and high memory requirements are prohibitive for deployment. Model quantization is an effective…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Hanlin Tang , Yifu Sun , Decheng Wu , Kai Liu , Jianchen Zhu , Zhanhui Kang

Increasing the number of parameters in large language models (LLMs) usually improves performance in downstream tasks but raises compute and memory costs, making deployment difficult in resource-limited settings. Quantization techniques,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Renren Jin , Jiangcun Du , Wuwei Huang , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Bin Wang , Deyi Xiong

Quantization and fine-tuning are crucial for deploying large language models (LLMs) on resource-constrained edge devices. However, fine-tuning quantized models presents significant challenges, primarily stemming from: First, the mismatch in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Junyu Chen , Junzhuo Li , Zhen Peng , Wenjie Wang , Yuxiang Ren , Long Shi , Xuming Hu

As large language models (LLMs) scale, model compression is crucial for edge deployment and accessibility. Weight-only quantization reduces model size but suffers from performance degradation at lower bit widths. Moreover, standard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Baohao Liao , Christian Herold , Seyyed Hadi Hashemi , Stefan Vasilev , Shahram Khadivi , Christof Monz

Quantization is a powerful tool to improve large language model (LLM) inference efficiency by utilizing more energy-efficient low-precision datapaths and reducing memory footprint. However, accurately quantizing LLM weights and activations…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Coleman Hooper , Charbel Sakr , Ben Keller , Rangharajan Venkatesan , Kurt Keutzer , Sophia Shao , Brucek Khailany

Large language models (LLMs) demand extensive memory capacity during both fine-tuning and inference. To enable memory-efficient fine-tuning, existing methods apply block-wise quantization techniques, such as NF4 and AF4, to the network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Patrick Blumenberg , Thomas Graave , Tim Fingscheidt

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance but incur high deployment costs, motivating extremely low-bit but lossy quantization. Existing quantization algorithms mainly focus on improving the numerical accuracy of forward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yuzhuang Xu , Xu Han , Yuxuan Li , Pengzhan Li , Wanxiang Che

Large language models with billions of parameters are often over-provisioned: many layers contribute little unique information yet dominate the memory and energy footprint during inference. We present LieQ Layer-wise information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 He Xiao , Qingyao Yang , Dirui Xie , Wendong Xu , Zunhai Su , Runming yang , Wenyong Zhou , Haobo Liu , Zhengwu Liu , Ngai Wong

We propose a simple approach for memory-efficient adaptation of pretrained language models. Our approach uses an iterative algorithm to decompose each pretrained matrix into a high-precision low-rank component and a memory-efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Han Guo , Philip Greengard , Eric P. Xing , Yoon Kim

The deployment of intelligent reinforcement learning (RL) agents on resource-constrained edge devices remains a fundamental challenge due to the substantial memory, computational, and energy requirements of modern deep learning systems.…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance across various language tasks but pose challenges for practical deployment due to their substantial memory requirements. Furthermore, the latest generative models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Young Jin Kim , Rawn Henry , Raffy Fahim , Hany Hassan Awadalla

Federated fine-tuning of pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) enables task-specific adaptation across diverse datasets while preserving privacy. However, challenges such as high computational and memory demands, heterogeneous client…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Yang Su , Na Yan , Yansha Deng , Mischa Dohler , Robert Schober

This paper explores network binarization, a radical form of quantization, compressing model weights to a single bit, specifically for Large Language Models (LLMs) compression. Due to previous binarization methods collapsing LLMs, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Yuzhang Shang , Zhihang Yuan , Qiang Wu , Zhen Dong

Diffusion models excel in image generation but are computational and resource-intensive due to their reliance on iterative Markov chain processes, leading to error accumulation and limiting the effectiveness of naive compression techniques.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Beomseok Ko , Hyeryung Jang

Layer-wise PTQ is a promising technique for compressing large language models (LLMs), due to its simplicity and effectiveness without requiring retraining. However, recent progress in this area is saturating, underscoring the need to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Yamato Arai , Yuma Ichikawa