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Marginal structural models are a popular method for estimating causal effects in the presence of time-varying exposures. In spite of their popularity, no scalable non-parametric estimator exist for marginal structural models with…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-30 Axel Martin , Michele Santacatterina , Iván Díaz

This paper studies the identifying power of an instrumental variable in the nonparametric heterogeneous treatment effect framework when a binary treatment is mismeasured and endogenous. Using a binary instrumental variable, I characterize…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-05-22 Takuya Ura

Instrumental variable (IV) regression is a strategy for learning causal relationships in observational data. If measurements of input X and output Y are confounded, the causal relationship can nonetheless be identified if an instrumental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-17 Rahul Singh , Maneesh Sahani , Arthur Gretton

When studying the association between treatment and a clinical outcome, a parametric multivariable model of the conditional outcome expectation is often used to adjust for covariates. The treatment coefficient of the outcome model targets a…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-07 Antonio Remiro-Azócar , Anna Heath , Gianluca Baio

Instrumental variable methods provide useful tools for inferring causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding. To apply these methods with large-scale data sets, a major challenge is to find valid instruments from a possibly…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-24 Xinyi Zhang , Linbo Wang , Stanislav Volgushev , Dehan Kong

Under heterogeneous treatment effects, the GMM weighting matrix in overidentified IV models dictates the estimand. We show that efficient GMM downeights high-variance instruments and frequently assigning negative weights that undermine…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-04-09 Chun Pang Chow , Hiroyuki Kasahara

In this paper, we formalize a triple instrumented difference-in-differences (DID-IV). In this design, a triple Wald-DID estimand, which divides the difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) estimand of the outcome by the DDD estimand of…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-01-27 Sho Miyaji

We discuss causal inference for observational studies with possibly invalid instrumental variables. We propose a novel methodology called two-stage curvature identification (TSCI) by exploring the nonlinear treatment model with machine…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-01-08 Zijian Guo , Mengchu Zheng , Peter Bühlmann

Unobserved confounding is a fundamental challenge for estimating causal effects. To address unobserved confounding, recent literature has turned to two different approaches -- proxy variables and the use of multiple treatments. The first…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-20 Aytijhya Saha , Stephen Bates , Devavrat Shah

Latent confounders are a fundamental challenge for inferring causal effects from observational data. The instrumental variable (IV) approach is a practical way to address this challenge. Existing IV based estimators need a known IV or other…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Debo Cheng , Jiuyong Li , Lin Liu , Ziqi Xu , Weijia Zhang , Jixue Liu , Thuc Duy Le

This study investigates treatment effect estimation in the semi-supervised setting, also can be interpreted as prediction-powered inference. In our setting, we can use not only the standard triple of covariates, treatment indicator, and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-05 Masahiro Kato

Non-adherence to assigned treatment is common in randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Recently, there has been an increased interest in estimating causal effects of treatment received, for example the so-called local average treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-12-05 Karla DiazOrdaz , James Carpenter

Variational regression methods are an increasingly popular tool for their efficient estimation of complex. Given the mixed model representation of penalized effects, additive regression models with smoothed effects and scalar-on-function…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-13 Mark J. Meyer , Junyi Wei

Policy-Relevant Treatment Effects (PRTEs) are generally not point-identified under standard Instrumental Variable (IV) assumptions when the instrument generates limited support in treatment propensity. We show that PRTE partial…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-28 Jiyuan Tan , Jose Blanchet , Vasilis Syrgkanis

Many studies exploit variation in the timing of policy adoption across units as an instrument for treatment. This paper formalizes the underlying identification strategy as an instrumented difference-in-differences (DID-IV). In this design,…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-02-13 Sho Miyaji

Estimating natural effects is a core task in causal mediation analysis. Existing triply robust (TR) frameworks (Tchetgen Tchetgen & Shpitser 2012) and their extensions have been developed to estimate the natural effects. In this work, we…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-16 Zhen Qi , Yuqian Zhang

The instrumental variable model of Imbens and Angrist (1994) and Angrist et al. (1996) allow for the identification of the local average treatment effect, also known as the complier average causal effect. However, many empirical studies are…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-12 Shuozhi Zuo , Peng Ding , Fan Yang

Assessing causal effects in the presence of unobserved confounding is a challenging problem. Existing studies leveraged proxy variables or multiple treatments to adjust for the confounding bias. In particular, the latter approach attributes…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-17 Yong Wu , Mingzhou Liu , Jing Yan , Yanwei Fu , Shouyan Wang , Yizhou Wang , Xinwei Sun

Treatment-induced confounders complicate analyses of time-varying treatment effects and causal mediation. Conditioning on these variables naively to estimate marginal effects may inappropriately block causal pathways and may induce spurious…

Applications · Statistics 2018-08-24 Geoffrey T. Wodtke , Zahide Alaca , Xiang Zhou

Unmeasured confounding presents a common challenge in observational studies, potentially making standard causal parameters unidentifiable without additional assumptions. Given the increasing availability of diverse data sources, exploiting…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-18 Shanshan Luo , Yechi Zhang , Wei Li