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Binary classification is highly used in credit scoring in the estimation of probability of default. The validation of such predictive models is based both on rank ability, and also on calibration (i.e. how accurately the probabilities…

Econometrics · Economics 2017-10-25 Pedro G. Fonseca , Hugo D. Lopes

Since neural classifiers are known to be sensitive to adversarial perturbations that alter their accuracy, \textit{certification methods} have been developed to provide provable guarantees on the insensitivity of their predictions to such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Cornelius Emde , Francesco Pinto , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Philip H. S. Torr , Adel Bibi

Machine learning classifiers often produce probabilistic predictions that are critical for accurate and interpretable decision-making in various domains. The quality of these predictions is generally evaluated with proper losses, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Eugène Berta , David Holzmüller , Michael I. Jordan , Francis Bach

With the increasing deployment of machine learning models in many socially sensitive tasks, there is a growing demand for reliable and trustworthy predictions. One way to accomplish these requirements is to allow a model to abstain from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Andrea Pugnana , Lorenzo Perini , Jesse Davis , Salvatore Ruggieri

Probabilistic predictions from neural networks which account for predictive uncertainty during classification is crucial in many real-world and high-impact decision making settings. However, in practice most datasets are trained on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-30 Satya Borgohain , Klaus Ackermann , Ruben Loaiza-Maya

Selective classifiers improve model reliability by abstaining on inputs the model deems uncertain. However, few practical approaches achieve the gold-standard performance of a perfect-ordering oracle that accepts examples exactly in order…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Stephan Rabanser , Nicolas Papernot

Ensuring that predicted probabilities align with observed frequencies is critical in high-stakes domains such as clinical decision support, autonomous driving and financial risk assessment. Existing calibration methods typically apply a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Tomer Lavi , Bracha Shapira , Nadav Rappoport

Machine-generated probability predictions are essential in modern classification tasks such as image classification. A model is well calibrated when its predicted probabilities correspond to observed event frequencies. Despite the need for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-24 Amy Vennos , Xin Xing , Christopher T. Franck

Outcomes of data-driven AI models cannot be assumed to be always correct. To estimate the uncertainty in these outcomes, the uncertainty wrapper framework has been proposed, which considers uncertainties related to model fit, input quality,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Pascal Gerber , Lisa Jöckel , Michael Kläs

Consider a multi-class labelling problem, where the labels can take values in $[k]$, and a predictor predicts a distribution over the labels. In this work, we study the following foundational question: Are there notions of multi-class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Parikshit Gopalan , Lunjia Hu , Guy N. Rothblum

This study introduces novel superior scoring rules called Penalized Brier Score (PBS) and Penalized Logarithmic Loss (PLL) to improve model evaluation for probabilistic classification. Traditional scoring rules like Brier Score and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Rouhollah Ahmadian , Mehdi Ghatee , Johan Wahlström

Classifiers are often tested on relatively small data sets, which should lead to uncertain performance metrics. Nevertheless, these metrics are usually taken at face value. We present an approach to quantify the uncertainty of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-05 Niklas Tötsch , Daniel Hoffmann

A probability forecast or probabilistic classifier is reliable or calibrated if the predicted probabilities are matched by ex post observed frequencies, as examined visually in reliability diagrams. The classical binning and counting…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-26 Timo Dimitriadis , Tilmann Gneiting , Alexander I. Jordan

For classification models based on neural networks, the maximum predicted class probability is often used as a confidence score. This score rarely predicts well the probability of making a correct prediction and requires a post-processing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Adrien LeCoz , Stéphane Herbin , Faouzi Adjed

Modern challenges of robustness, fairness, and decision-making in machine learning have led to the formulation of multi-distribution learning (MDL) frameworks in which a predictor is optimized across multiple distributions. We study the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Rajeev Verma , Volker Fischer , Eric Nalisnick

Machine learning models are often used to inform real world risk assessment tasks: predicting consumer default risk, predicting whether a person suffers from a serious illness, or predicting a person's risk to appear in court. Given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Jamelle Watson-Daniels , David C. Parkes , Berk Ustun

Accurate estimation of predictive uncertainty in modern neural networks is critical to achieve well calibrated predictions and detect out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs. The most promising approaches have been predominantly focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-13 Shreyas Padhy , Zachary Nado , Jie Ren , Jeremiah Liu , Jasper Snoek , Balaji Lakshminarayanan

Model calibration is essential for ensuring that the predictions of deep neural networks accurately reflect true probabilities in real-world classification tasks. However, deep networks often produce over-confident or under-confident…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Jinxu Lin , Linwei Tao , Minjing Dong , Chang Xu

This paper presents a computationally efficient method for binary classification using Manski's (1975,1985) maximum score model when covariates are discretely distributed and parameters are partially but not point identified. We establish…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-07-29 Joel L. Horowitz , Sokbae Lee

Decision trees are powerful tools for classification and regression that attract many researchers working in the burgeoning area of machine learning. One advantage of decision trees over other methods is their interpretability, which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Brandon Alston , Hamidreza Validi , Illya V. Hicks