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Audio-text retrieval is crucial for bridging acoustic signals and natural language. While contrastive dual-encoder architectures like CLAP have shown promise, they are fundamentally limited by the capacity of small-scale encoders.…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Jilan Xu , Carl Thomé , Danijela Horak , Weidi Xie , Andrew Zisserman

Reasoning plays a crucial role in advancing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) toward Artificial General Intelligence. However, existing MLLM benchmarks often fall short in precisely and comprehensively evaluating long-chain reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Huanjin Yao , Jiaxing Huang , Yawen Qiu , Michael K. Chen , Wenzheng Liu , Wei Zhang , Wenjie Zeng , Xikun Zhang , Jingyi Zhang , Yuxin Song , Wenhao Wu , Dacheng Tao

RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) systems and web agents are increasingly evaluated on multi-hop deep search tasks, yet current practice suffers from two major limitations. First, most benchmarks leak the reasoning path in the question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Maojia Song , Renhang Liu , Xinyu Wang , Yong Jiang , Pengjun Xie , Fei Huang , Jingren Zhou , Dorien Herremans , Soujanya Poria

Multimodal retrieval is the task of aggregating information from queries across heterogeneous modalities to retrieve desired targets. State-of-the-art multimodal retrieval models can understand complex queries, yet they are typically…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Chuong Huynh , Manh Luong , Abhinav Shrivastava

Deep language models learning a hierarchical representation proved to be a powerful tool for natural language processing, text mining and information retrieval. However, representations that perform well for retrieval must capture semantic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-05-24 Tolgahan Cakaloglu , Xiaowei Xu

Text rendering has recently emerged as one of the most challenging frontiers in visual generation, drawing significant attention from large-scale diffusion and multimodal models. However, text editing within images remains largely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Rui Gui , Yang Wan , Haochen Han , Dongxing Mao , Fangming Liu , Min Li , Alex Jinpeng Wang

We present a new benchmark for evaluating Deep Search--a realistic and complex form of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) that requires source-aware, multi-hop reasoning over diverse, sparsed, but related sources. These include documents,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Prafulla Kumar Choubey , Xiangyu Peng , Shilpa Bhagavath , Kung-Hsiang Huang , Caiming Xiong , Chien-Sheng Wu

Retrieval-augmented generation can improve audio captioning by incorporating relevant audio-text pairs from a knowledge base. Existing methods typically rely solely on the input audio as a unimodal retrieval query. In contrast, we propose…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Choi Changin , Lim Sungjun , Rhee Wonjong

Understanding time series data is fundamental to many real-world applications. Recent work explores multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to enhance time series understanding with contextual information beyond numerical signals. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yaxuan Kong , Yiyuan Yang , Shiyu Wang , Chenghao Liu , Yuxuan Liang , Ming Jin , Stefan Zohren , Dan Pei , Yan Liu , Qingsong Wen

While large audio language models (LALMs) have achieved remarkable progress in audio processing at the second- or minute-level scale, understanding hour-level audio remains a fundamental bottleneck. Existing benchmarks predominantly rely on…

IQ testing has served as a foundational methodology for evaluating human cognitive capabilities, deliberately decoupling assessment from linguistic background, language proficiency, or domain-specific knowledge to isolate core competencies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Huanqia Cai , Yijun Yang , Winston Hu

As model context lengths continue to grow, concerns about whether models effectively use the full context length have persisted. While several carefully designed long-context evaluations have recently been released, these evaluations tend…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Amanda Bertsch , Adithya Pratapa , Teruko Mitamura , Graham Neubig , Matthew R. Gormley

For many real-world applications, the user-generated inputs usually contain various noises due to speech recognition errors caused by linguistic variations1 or typographical errors (typos). Thus, it is crucial to test model performance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Chenglei Si , Zhengyan Zhang , Yingfa Chen , Xiaozhi Wang , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Large language models (LLMs) have advanced in text and vision, but their reasoning on audio remains limited. Most existing methods rely on dense audio embeddings, which are difficult to interpret and often fail on structured reasoning…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Termeh Taheri , Yinghao Ma , Emmanouil Benetos

Recent studies on transformer-based language models show that they can answer questions by reasoning over knowledge provided as part of the context (i.e., in-context reasoning). However, since the available knowledge is often not filtered…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Zeming Chen , Gail Weiss , Eric Mitchell , Asli Celikyilmaz , Antoine Bosselut

Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval (RIR) targets retrieval settings where relevance is mediated by latent inferential links between a query and supporting evidence, rather than semantic similarity. Motivated by the emergent reasoning abilities…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Yiyang Wei , Tingyu Song , Siyue Zhang , Yilun Zhao

While large audio-language models have advanced open-ended audio understanding, they still fall short of nuanced human-level comprehension. This gap persists largely because current benchmarks, limited by data annotations and evaluation…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-12 Yadong Niu , Tianzi Wang , Heinrich Dinkel , Xingwei Sun , Jiahao Zhou , Gang Li , Jizhong Liu , Xunying Liu , Junbo Zhang , Jian Luan

Despite the growing popularity of audio platforms, fact-checking spoken content remains significantly underdeveloped. Misinformation in speech often unfolds across multi-turn dialogues, shaped by speaker interactions, disfluencies,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Chaewan Chun , Lysandre Terrisse , Delvin Ce Zhang , Dongwon Lee

Understanding real-world videos such as movies requires integrating visual and dialogue cues. Yet existing VideoQA benchmarks struggle to capture this multimodal reasoning and, given the difficulty of evaluating free-form answers, largely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Shaden Shaar , Bradon Thymes , Sirawut Chaixanien , Claire Cardie , Bharath Hariharan

Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in tasks involving audio perception and understanding, such as speech recognition and audio captioning. However, their reasoning capabilities - critical for…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Ziyang Ma , Zhuo Chen , Yuping Wang , Eng Siong Chng , Xie Chen