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Representational similarity analysis (RSA) is a multivariate technique to investigate cortical representations of objects or constructs. While avoiding ill-posed matrix inversions that plague multivariate approaches in the presence of many…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-03 Roberto Viviani

We propose the Neural Functional Alignment Space (NFAS), a brain-referenced representational framework for characterizing artificial neural networks on equal functional grounds. NFAS departs from conventional alignment approaches that rely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ruiyu Yan , Hanqi Jiang , Yi Pan , Xiaobo Li , Tianming Liu , Xi Jiang , Lin Zhao

How do we know if two systems - biological or artificial - process information in a similar way? Similarity measures such as linear regression, Centered Kernel Alignment (CKA), Normalized Bures Similarity (NBS), and angular Procrustes…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-31 Nathan Cloos , Moufan Li , Markus Siegel , Scott L. Brincat , Earl K. Miller , Guangyu Robert Yang , Christopher J. Cueva

Similarity analysis is one of the crucial steps in most fMRI studies. Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA) can measure similarities of neural signatures generated by different cognitive states. This paper develops Deep…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-06 Muhammad Yousefnezhad , Jeffrey Sawalha , Alessandro Selvitella , Daoqiang Zhang

Neuroscience theory posits that the brain's visual system coarsely identifies broad object categories via neural activation patterns, with similar objects producing similar neural responses. Artificial neural networks also have internal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-11-28 Nathaniel Blanchard , Jeffery Kinnison , Brandon RichardWebster , Pouya Bashivan , Walter J. Scheirer

Representational similarity in neural networks is inherently scale-dependent, yet widely used metrics such as Centered Kernel Alignment (CKA) and Procrustes analysis provide only global scalar estimates. These scalars often fail to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Tiago F. Tavares , Fabio Ayres , Paris Smaragdis

The extent to which different biological and artificial neural systems rely on equivalent internal representations to support similar tasks remains a central question in neuroscience and machine learning. Prior work typically compares…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Jialin Wu , Shreya Saha , Yiqing Bo , Meenakshi Khosla

Image representations (artificial or biological) are often compared in terms of their global geometric structure; however, representations with similar global structure can have strikingly different local geometries. Here, we propose a…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-05-19 Jenelle Feather , David Lipshutz , Sarah E. Harvey , Alex H. Williams , Eero P. Simoncelli

Neuroscientists and computer vision researchers use model-brain alignment benchmarks to compare artificial and biological vision systems. These benchmarks rank models according to alignment measures such as the similarity of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-24 Larissa Höfling , Matthias Tangemann , Lotta Piefke , Susanne Keller , Katrin Franke , Matthias Bethge

How can we tell whether two neural networks utilize the same internal processes for a particular computation? This question is pertinent for multiple subfields of neuroscience and machine learning, including neuroAI, mechanistic…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-10-31 Mitchell Ostrow , Adam Eisen , Leo Kozachkov , Ila Fiete

The development of neuromorphic hardware and modeling of biological neural networks requires algorithms with local learning rules. Artificial neural networks using local learning rules to perform principal subspace analysis (PSA) and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Yanis Bahroun , Dmitri B. Chklovskii

We introduce a manifold analysis technique for neural network representations. Normalized Space Alignment (NSA) compares pairwise distances between two point clouds derived from the same source and having the same size, while potentially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Danish Ebadulla , Aditya Gulati , Ambuj Singh

A central goal of neuroscience is to understand the representations formed by brain activity patterns and their connection to behavior. The classical approach is to investigate how individual neurons encode the stimuli and how their tuning…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-04-21 Nikolaus Kriegeskorte , Xue-Xin Wei

Methods for analyzing representations in neural systems have become a popular tool in both neuroscience and mechanistic interpretability. Having measures to compare how similar activations of neurons are across conditions, architectures,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Quentin Guilhot , Michał Wójcik , Jascha Achterberg , Rui Ponte Costa

Representational similarity analysis (RSA) is widely used to analyze the alignment between humans and neural networks; however, conclusions based on this approach can be misleading without considering the underlying representational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Nahid Torbati , Michael Gaebler , Simon M. Hofmann , Nico Scherf

Quantifying similarity between neural representations -- e.g. hidden layer activation vectors -- is a perennial problem in deep learning and neuroscience research. Existing methods compare deterministic responses (e.g. artificial networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Lyndon R. Duong , Jingyang Zhou , Josue Nassar , Jules Berman , Jeroen Olieslagers , Alex H. Williams

Partially inspired by features of computation in visual cortex, deep neural networks compute hierarchical representations of their inputs. While these networks have been highly successful in machine learning, it remains unclear to what…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-11-20 Jianghong Shi , Eric Shea-Brown , Michael A. Buice

Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA) is a popular method for analyzing neuroimaging and behavioral data. Here we evaluate the accuracy and reliability of RSA in the context of model selection, and compare it to that of regression.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-18 Chuanji Gao , Gang Chen , Svetlana V. Shinkareva , Rutvik H. Desai

Quantifying similarity between population spike patterns is essential for understanding how neural dynamics encode information. Traditional approaches, which combine kernel smoothing, PCA, and CCA, have limitations: smoothing kernel…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-05-21 Xiang Zhang , Chenlin Xu , Zhouxiao Lu , Haonan Wang , Dong Song

Comparing different neural network representations and determining how representations evolve over time remain challenging open questions in our understanding of the function of neural networks. Comparing representations in neural networks…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-25 Ari S. Morcos , Maithra Raghu , Samy Bengio