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LLM agents are rapidly becoming the practical interface for task automation, yet the ecosystem lacks a principled way to choose among an exploding space of deployable configurations. Existing LLM leaderboards and tool/agent benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Yunxiao Shi , Wujiang Xu , Tingwei Chen , Haoning Shang , Ling Yang , Yunfeng Wan , Zhuo Cao , Xing Zi , Dimitris N. Metaxas , Min Xu

Function calling agents powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) select external tools to automate complex tasks. On-device agents typically use a retrieval module to select relevant tools, improving performance and reducing context length.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Bhrij Patel , Davide Belli , Amir Jalalirad , Maximilian Arnold , Aleksandr Ermolov , Bence Major

Procedural memory enables large language model (LLM) agents to internalize "how-to" knowledge, theoretically reducing redundant trial-and-error. However, existing frameworks predominantly suffer from a "passive accumulation" paradigm,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Zouying Cao , Jiaji Deng , Li Yu , Weikang Zhou , Zhaoyang Liu , Bolin Ding , Hai Zhao

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) on question answering often relies on static benchmarks that reward memorization and understate the role of retrieval, failing to capture the dynamic nature of world knowledge. We present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Heng Zhou , Ao Yu , Yuchen Fan , Jianing Shi , Li Kang , Hejia Geng , Yongting Zhang , Yutao Fan , Yuhao Wu , Tiancheng He , Yiran Qin , Lei Bai , Zhenfei Yin

Flexible tool selection reflects a complex cognitive ability that distinguishes humans from other species, yet computational models that capture this ability remain underdeveloped. We developed a framework using low-dimensional attribute…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Guangfu Hao , Haojie Wen , Liangxuan Guo , Yang Chen , Yanchao Bi , Shan Yu

LLM agents require retrieval to behave less like one-shot context fetching and more like reasoning: searching, reading, traversing, and deciding when evidence is sufficient. Yet current Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems organize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Haoliang Ming , Feifei Li , Xiaoqing Wu , Wenhui Que

Recent advancements in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) have enabled Large Language Models to answer financial questions using external knowledge bases of U.S. SEC filings, earnings reports, and regulatory documents. However, existing…

Tool learning aims to augment large language models (LLMs) with diverse tools, enabling them to act as agents for solving practical tasks. Due to the limited context length of tool-using LLMs, adopting information retrieval (IR) models to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhengliang Shi , Yuhan Wang , Lingyong Yan , Pengjie Ren , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Zhaochun Ren

The search of information in large text repositories has been plagued by the so-called document-query vocabulary gap, i.e. the semantic discordance between the contents in the stored document entities on the one hand and the human query on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Bhawani Selvaretnam , Mohammed Belkhatir

Generative retrieval uses differentiable search indexes to directly generate relevant document identifiers in response to a query. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of a strong generative retrieval model, trained with carefully…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Yubao Tang , Ruqing Zhang , Jiafeng Guo , Maarten de Rijke , Yixing Fan , Xueqi Cheng

Recent advances in LLM Multi-Agent Systems enable scalable orchestration of sub-agents, each coordinating hundreds or thousands of tools or Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers. However, existing retrieval methods typically match queries…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Elias Lumer , Faheem Nizar , Anmol Gulati , Pradeep Honaganahalli Basavaraju , Vamse Kumar Subbiah

Agentic memory systems have become critical for enabling LLM agents to maintain long-term context and retrieve relevant information efficiently. However, existing memory frameworks suffer from a fundamental limitation: they perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Anxin Tian , Yiming Li , Xing Li , Hui-Ling Zhen , Lei Chen , Xianzhi Yu , Zhenhua Dong , Mingxuan Yuan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced artificial intelligence by enabling human-like text generation and natural language understanding. However, their reliance on static training data limits their ability to respond to dynamic,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Aditi Singh , Abul Ehtesham , Saket Kumar , Tala Talaei Khoei , Athanasios V. Vasilakos

Word embeddings have become essential components in various information retrieval and natural language processing tasks, such as ranking, document classification, and question answering. However, despite their widespread use, traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Gabriel Iturra-Bocaz , Felipe Bravo-Marquez

Meta titles and descriptions strongly shape engagement in search and recommendation platforms, yet optimizing them remains challenging. Search engine ranking models are black box environments, explicit labels are unavailable, and feedback…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Shreeranjani Srirangamsridharan , Ali Abavisani , Reza Yousefi Maragheh , Ramin Giahi , Kai Zhao , Jason Cho , Sushant Kumar

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents can automate complex tasks across digital environments, but their development is hindered by the scarcity of high-quality trajectory data for training. Existing approaches rely on expensive human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yiheng Xu , Dunjie Lu , Zhennan Shen , Junli Wang , Zekun Wang , Yuchen Mao , Caiming Xiong , Tao Yu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) plays a pivotal role in modern large language model applications, with numerous existing frameworks offering a wide range of functionalities to facilitate the development of RAG systems. However, we have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Zhuocheng Zhang , Yang Feng , Min Zhang

From professional research to everyday planning, many tasks are bottlenecked by wide-scale information seeking, which is more repetitive than cognitively complex. With the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), automated search…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Ryan Wong , Jiawei Wang , Junjie Zhao , Li Chen , Yan Gao , Long Zhang , Xuan Zhou , Zuo Wang , Kai Xiang , Ge Zhang , Wenhao Huang , Yang Wang , Ke Wang

Text augmentation is an effective technique for addressing the problem of insufficient data in natural language processing. However, existing text augmentation methods tend to focus on few-shot scenarios and usually perform poorly on large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Heng Yang , Ke Li

In this work, we propose MetaAgent, an agentic paradigm inspired by the principle of learning-by-doing, where expertise is developed through hands-on practice and continual self-improvement. MetaAgent starts with a minimal workflow,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Hongjin Qian , Zheng Liu