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Recent years have witnessed growing interest in applying Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) to Machine Translation (MT). Existing approaches predominantly adopt a "think-first-then-translate" paradigm. Although explicit reasoning trajectories…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Kunquan Li , Yingxue Zhang , Fandong Meng , Jinsong Su

Automatic scoring system is extremely complex for any language. Because natural language itself is a complex model. When we evaluate articles generated by natural language, we need to view the articles from many dimensions such as word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-27 Wanhong Huang

This paper surveys and organizes research works in an under-studied area, which we call automated evaluation for student argumentative writing. Unlike traditional automated writing evaluation that focuses on holistic essay scoring, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Xinyu Wang , Yohan Lee , Juneyoung Park

Reflection is widely recognized as a cornerstone of student development, fostering critical thinking, self-regulation, and deep conceptual understanding. Traditionally, reflective skills have been cultivated through structured feedback,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Bo Yuan , Jiazi Hu

Students' handwritten math work provides a rich resource for diagnosing cognitive skills, as it captures intermediate reasoning beyond final answers. We investigate how current large language models (LLMs) perform in diagnosing cognitive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yoonsu Kim , Hyoungwook Jin , Hayeon Doh , Eunhye Kim , Dongyun Jung , Seungju Kim , Kiyoon Choi , Jinho Son , Juho Kim

The academic performance indicators of the Doctor of Science title, the highest and most prestigious qualification awarded by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS), are key in the national assessment system. The types of performance…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Gyorgy Csomos

Grading of examination papers is a hectic, time-labor intensive task and is often subjected to inefficiency and bias in checking. This research project is a primitive experiment in the automation of grading of theoretical answers written in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Rahul Kr Chauhan , Ravinder Saharan , Siddhartha Singh , Priti Sharma

Rigorous and interactive class discussions that support students to engage in high-level thinking and reasoning are essential to learning and are a central component of most teaching interventions. However, formally assessing discussion…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Nhat Tran , Benjamin Pierce , Diane Litman , Richard Correnti , Lindsay Clare Matsumura

We present Racka, a lightweight, continually pretrained large language model designed to bridge the resource gap between Hungarian and high-resource languages such as English and German. Racka employs parameter-efficient continual…

Cross-lingual evaluation of large language models (LLMs) typically conflates two sources of variance: genuine model performance differences and measurement instability. We investigate evaluation reliability by holding generation conditions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Isaac Chung , Linda Freienthal

Autoprompting is the process of automatically selecting optimized prompts for language models, which has been gaining popularity with the rapid advancement of prompt engineering, driven by extensive research in the field of large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Viktor N. Zhuravlev , Artur R. Khairullin , Ernest A. Dyagin , Alena N. Sitkina , Nikita I. Kulin

English proficiency assessments have become a necessary metric for filtering and selecting prospective candidates for both academia and industry. With the rise in demand for such assessments, it has become increasingly necessary to have the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Pakhi Bamdev , Manraj Singh Grover , Yaman Kumar Singla , Payman Vafaee , Mika Hama , Rajiv Ratn Shah

Autoformalization, which translates natural language mathematics into machine-verifiable formal statements, is critical for using formal mathematical reasoning to solve math problems stated in natural language. While Large Language Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Guoxin Chen , Jing Wu , Xinjie Chen , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ruihua Song , Chengxi Li , Kai Fan , Dayiheng Liu , Minpeng Liao

We present a novel pipeline, ReflectEvo, to demonstrate that small language models (SLMs) can enhance meta introspection through reflection learning. This process iteratively generates self-reflection for self-training, fostering a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Jiaqi Li , Xinyi Dong , Yang Liu , Zhizhuo Yang , Quansen Wang , Xiaobo Wang , SongChun Zhu , Zixia Jia , Zilong Zheng

This article presents the creation of an Estonian-language dataset for document-level subjectivity, analyzes the resulting annotations, and reports an initial experiment of automatic subjectivity analysis using a large language model (LLM).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Karl Gustav Gailit , Kadri Muischnek , Kairit Sirts

Recently, large language models (LLMs) enhanced by self-reflection have achieved promising performance on machine translation. The key idea is guiding LLMs to generate translation with human-like feedback. However, existing self-reflection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Andong Chen , Lianzhang Lou , Kehai Chen , Xuefeng Bai , Yang Xiang , Muyun Yang , Tiejun Zhao , Min Zhang

Assessing teachers' geometric content knowledge is essential for geometry instructional quality and student learning, but difficult to scale. The Van Hiele model characterizes geometric reasoning through five hierarchical levels.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Ziv Fenigstein , Kobi Gal , Avi Segal , Osama Swidan , Inbal Israel , Hassan Ayoob

The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) is highly sensitive to the prompts they are given. Drawing inspiration from the field of prompt optimization, this study investigates the potential for enhancing Automated Essay Scoring (AES)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Keno Harada , Lui Yoshida , Takeshi Kojima , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

Although a great methodological effort has been invested in proposing competitive solutions to the class-imbalance problem, little effort has been made in pursuing a theoretical understanding of this matter. In order to shed some light on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-09-04 Jonathan Ortigosa-Hernández , Iñaki Inza , Jose A. Lozano

Large language models (LLMs) with Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning have achieved strong performance across diverse tasks, including mathematics, coding, and general reasoning. A distinctive ability of these reasoning models is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Ge Yan , Chung-En Sun , Tsui-Wei , Weng