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Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit implicit biases and discriminatory tendencies that reflect underlying social stereotypes. While recent alignment techniques such as RLHF and DPO have mitigated some of these issues, they remain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Deng Yixuan , Ji Xiaoqiang

Current large-scale language models can be politically biased as a result of the data they are trained on, potentially causing serious problems when they are deployed in real-world settings. In this paper, we describe metrics for measuring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Ruibo Liu , Chenyan Jia , Jason Wei , Guangxuan Xu , Lili Wang , Soroush Vosoughi

Social bias in language models can potentially exacerbate social inequalities. Despite it having garnered wide attention, most research focuses on English data. In a low-resource scenario, the models often perform worse due to insufficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ej Zhou , Weiming Lu

Large language models (LLMs), despite their remarkable capabilities, are susceptible to generating biased and discriminatory responses. As LLMs increasingly influence high-stakes decision-making (e.g., hiring and healthcare), mitigating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jingling Li , Zeyu Tang , Xiaoyu Liu , Peter Spirtes , Kun Zhang , Liu Leqi , Yang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful tools with the potential to benefit society immensely, yet, they have demonstrated biases that perpetuate societal inequalities. Despite significant advancements in bias mitigation techniques using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Deonna M. Owens , Ryan A. Rossi , Sungchul Kim , Tong Yu , Franck Dernoncourt , Xiang Chen , Ruiyi Zhang , Jiuxiang Gu , Hanieh Deilamsalehy , Nedim Lipka

When applied to question answering and other text generation tasks, language models (LMs) may be queried generatively (by sampling answers from their output distribution) or discriminatively (by using them to score or rank a set of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Athul Paul Jacob , Yikang Shen , Gabriele Farina , Jacob Andreas

The performance of large language models (LLMs) is closely linked to their underlying size, leading to ever-growing networks and hence slower inference. Speculative decoding has been proposed as a technique to accelerate autoregressive…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across a wide range of natural language processing tasks. However, their outputs often exhibit social biases, raising fairness concerns. Existing debiasing methods, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yujie Lin , Kunquan Li , Yixuan Liao , Xiaoxin Chen , Jinsong Su

Pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced natural language processing capabilities but are susceptible to biases present in their training data, leading to unfair outcomes in various applications. While numerous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Sana Ebrahimi , Kaiwen Chen , Abolfazl Asudeh , Gautam Das , Nick Koudas

Gender bias in language models has attracted sufficient attention because it threatens social justice. However, most of the current debiasing methods degraded the model's performance on other tasks while the degradation mechanism is still…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Yiran Liu , Xiao Liu , Haotian Chen , Yang Yu

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world applications, ensuring their fair responses across demographics has become crucial. Despite many efforts, an ongoing challenge is hidden bias: LLMs appear fair under…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Kahee Lim , Soyeon Kim , Steven Euijong Whang

Existing debiasing techniques are typically training-based or require access to the model's internals and output distributions, so they are inaccessible to end-users looking to adapt LLM outputs for their particular needs. In this study, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Shaz Furniturewala , Surgan Jandial , Abhinav Java , Pragyan Banerjee , Simra Shahid , Sumit Bhatia , Kokil Jaidka

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in complex reasoning tasks through both post-training and test-time scaling laws. While prevalent test-time scaling approaches are often realized by using external reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Fuxiang Zhang , Jiacheng Xu , Chaojie Wang , Ce Cui , Yang Liu , Bo An

Large Language Models (LLMs) are prone to inheriting and amplifying societal biases embedded within their training data, potentially reinforcing harmful stereotypes related to gender, occupation, and other sensitive categories. This issue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Atmika Gorti , Manas Gaur , Aman Chadha

Language Representation Models (LRMs) trained with real-world data may capture and exacerbate undesired bias and cause unfair treatment of people in various demographic groups. Several techniques have been investigated for applying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Chloe Qinyu Zhu , Rickard Stureborg , Brandon Fain

We study self-rewarding reasoning large language models (LLMs), which can simultaneously generate step-by-step reasoning and evaluate the correctness of their outputs during the inference time-without external feedback. This integrated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Wei Xiong , Hanning Zhang , Chenlu Ye , Lichang Chen , Nan Jiang , Tong Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) used for multiple-choice and pairwise evaluation tasks often exhibit selection bias due to non-semantic factors like option positions and label symbols. Existing inference-time debiasing is costly and may harm…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jinquan Zheng , Jia Yuan , Jiacheng Yao , Chenyang Gu , Pujun Zheng , Guoxiu He

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance on various natural language generation tasks. Nonetheless, they suffer from generating negative and harmful contents that are biased against certain demographic groups (e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Tianci Liu , Haoyu Wang , Shiyang Wang , Yu Cheng , Jing Gao

While large language models (LLMs) are trained to align with human values, their generations may still violate safety constraints. A growing line of work addresses this problem by modifying the model's sampling policy at decoding time using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Bat-Sheva Einbinder , Hen Davidov , Yee Whye Teh , Yarin Gal , Yaniv Romano

Large Language Models have demonstrated outstanding performance across various downstream tasks and have been widely applied in multiple scenarios. Human-annotated preference data is used for training to further improve LLMs' performance,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Shimao Zhang , Xiao Liu , Xin Zhang , Junxiao Liu , Zheheng Luo , Shujian Huang , Yeyun Gong