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Multiple Choice Question (MCQ) tests are among the most used methods for evaluating large language models (LLMs). Besides checking the correctness of the selected answer, evaluations often consider the model's confidence through the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Tairan Fu , Javier Conde , Gonzalo Martínez , María Grandury , Pedro Reviriego

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become essential in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, leveraging extensive pre-training and fine-tuning to achieve high accuracy. However, like humans, LLMs exhibit biases, particularly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Bianca Raimondi , Maurizio Gabbrielli

Large language models have recently demonstrated remarkable abilities to self-correct their responses through iterative refinement, often referred to as self-consistency or self-reflection. However, the dynamics of this self-correction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Hossein A. Rahmani , Satyapriya Krishna , Xi Wang , Mohammadmehdi Naghiaei , Emine Yilmaz

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to acquire sequence-level planning abilities during training, yet their planning behavior exhibited at inference time often appears short-sighted and inconsistent with these capabilities. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Haijiang Yan , Jian-Qiao Zhu , Adam Sanborn

Changing the behavior of large language models (LLMs) can be as straightforward as editing the Transformer's residual streams using appropriately constructed "steering vectors." These modifications to internal neural activations, a form of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Jian-Qiao Zhu , Haijiang Yan , Thomas L. Griffiths

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various NLP tasks. However, previous works have shown these models are sensitive towards prompt wording, and few-shot demonstrations and their order, posing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Pouya Pezeshkpour , Estevam Hruschka

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various educational tasks, yet their alignment with human learning patterns, particularly in predicting which incorrect options students are most likely to select in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Naiming Liu , Shashank Sonkar , Richard G. Baraniuk

The handling of probabilities in the form of uncertainty or partial information is an essential task for LLMs in many settings and applications. A common approach to evaluate an LLM's probabilistic reasoning capabilities is to assess its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Manuel Mondal , Ljiljana Dolamic , Gérôme Bovet , Philippe Cudré-Mauroux , Julien Audiffren

Large language models (LLMs) are able to generate grammatically well-formed text, but how do they encode their syntactic knowledge internally? While prior work has focused largely on binary grammatical contrasts, in this work, we study the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Alina Klerings , Jannik Brinkmann , Daniel Ruffinelli , Simone Ponzetto

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in executing tasks based on natural language queries. However, these models, trained on curated datasets, inherently embody biases ranging from racial to national and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Iain Cruickshank , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

The extraordinary success of recent Large Language Models (LLMs) on a diverse array of tasks has led to an explosion of scientific and philosophical theorizing aimed at explaining how they do what they do. Unfortunately, disagreement over…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Cameron Yetman

Large Language Models (LLMs) show strong generalization across diverse tasks, yet the internal decision-making processes behind their predictions remain opaque. In this work, we study the geometry of hidden representations in LLMs through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Abhinav Joshi , Divyanshu Bhatt , Ashutosh Modi

Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are widely used in the evaluation of large language models (LLMs) due to their simplicity and efficiency. However, there are concerns about whether MCQs can truly measure LLM's capabilities, particularly in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Wangyue Li , Liangzhi Li , Tong Xiang , Xiao Liu , Wei Deng , Noa Garcia

System prompts in Large Language Models (LLMs) are predefined directives that guide model behaviour, taking precedence over user inputs in text processing and generation. LLM deployers increasingly use them to ensure consistent responses…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Anna Neumann , Elisabeth Kirsten , Muhammad Bilal Zafar , Jatinder Singh

Large language models (LLMs) are revolutionizing every aspect of society. They are increasingly used in problem-solving tasks to substitute human assessment and reasoning. LLMs are trained on what humans write and are thus exposed to human…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Fengfei Sun , Ningke Li , Kailong Wang , Lorenz Goette

Large language models (LLMs) are known to produce varying responses depending on prompt phrasing, indicating that subtle guidance in phrasing can steer their answers. However, the impact of this framing bias on LLM-based evaluation, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yerin Hwang , Dongryeol Lee , Taegwan Kang , Minwoo Lee , Kyomin Jung

The widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) has become commonplace, particularly with the emergence of open-source models. More importantly, smaller models are well-suited for integration into consumer devices and are frequently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Aisha Khatun , Daniel G. Brown

Role-play in large language models (LLMs) enhances their ability to generate contextually relevant and high-quality responses by simulating diverse cognitive perspectives. However, our study identifies significant risks associated with this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Jinman Zhao , Zifan Qian , Linbo Cao , Yining Wang , Yitian Ding , Yulan Hu , Zeyu Zhang , Zeyong Jin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes decision-making contexts. While prior work has shown that LLMs exhibit cognitive biases behaviorally, whether these biases correspond to identifiable internal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Fan Huang , Songheng Zhang , Haewoon Kwak , Jisun An

Large audio-language models (LALMs) are often used in tasks that involve reasoning over ordered options. An open question is whether their predictions are influenced by the order of answer choices, which would indicate a form of position…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yu-Xiang Lin , Chen-An Li , Sheng-Lun Wei , Po-Chun Chen , Hsin-Hsi Chen , Hung-yi Lee
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