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Machine learning (ML) requires using energy to carry out computations during the model training process. The generation of this energy comes with an environmental cost in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, depending on quantity used and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Alexandra Sasha Luccioni , Alex Hernandez-Garcia

Recent progress in hardware and methodology for training neural networks has ushered in a new generation of large networks trained on abundant data. These models have obtained notable gains in accuracy across many NLP tasks. However, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Emma Strubell , Ananya Ganesh , Andrew McCallum

The compute requirements associated with training Artificial Intelligence (AI) models have increased exponentially over time. Optimisation strategies aim to reduce the energy consumption and environmental impacts associated with AI,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Clément Morand , Anne-Laure Ligozat , Aurélie Névéol

The increasing usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models, especially Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), is increasing the power consumption during training and inference, posing environmental concerns and driving the need for more…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Gabriel Cortês , Nuno Lourenço , Penousal Machado

Recent years have seen a surge in the popularity of commercial AI products based on generative, multi-purpose AI systems promising a unified approach to building machine learning (ML) models into technology. However, this ambition of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Alexandra Sasha Luccioni , Yacine Jernite , Emma Strubell

Scientific research faces high costs and inefficiencies with traditional methods, but the rise of deep learning and large language models (LLMs) offers innovative solutions. This survey reviews transformer-based LLM applications across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Kaiyuan Tian , Linbo Qiao , Baihui Liu , Gongqingjian Jiang , Shanshan Li , Dongsheng Li

The increasing deployment of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing (NLP) tasks raises concerns about energy efficiency and sustainability. While prior research has largely focused on energy consumption during model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Johannes Zschache , Tilman Hartwig

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used to create more sustainable production methods and model climate change, making it a valuable tool in the fight against environmental degradation. This paper describes the paradox of an energy-consuming…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Arnault Pachot , Céline Patissier

This paper explores the environmental impact of the super-linear growth trends for AI from a holistic perspective, spanning Data, Algorithms, and System Hardware. We characterize the carbon footprint of AI computing by examining the model…

Deep learning (DL) can achieve impressive results across a wide variety of tasks, but this often comes at the cost of training models for extensive periods on specialized hardware accelerators. This energy-intensive workload has seen…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Lasse F. Wolff Anthony , Benjamin Kanding , Raghavendra Selvan

The rapid emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has catalyzed Agentic artificial intelligence (AI), autonomous systems integrating perception, reasoning, and action into closed-loop pipelines for continuous adaptation. While unlocking…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Xiaojing Chen , Haiqi Yu , Wei Ni , Dusit Niyato , Ruichen Zhang , Xin Wang , Shunqing Zhang , Shugong Xu

Classical and centralized Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods require moving data from producers (sensors, machines) to energy hungry data centers, raising environmental concerns due to computational and communication resource demands,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Stefano Savazzi , Vittorio Rampa , Sanaz Kianoush , Mehdi Bennis

The growth of machine learning (ML) models and associated datasets triggers a consequent dramatic increase in energy costs for the use and training of these models. In the current context of environmental awareness and global sustainability…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Gwendal Jouneaux , Jordi Cabot

The environmental impact of Large Language Models (LLMs) is rising significantly, with inference now accounting for more than half of their total lifecycle carbon emissions. However, existing simulation frameworks, which are increasingly…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Miray Özcan , Philipp Wiesner , Philipp Weiß , Odej Kao

The energy consumption of deep learning models is increasing at a breathtaking rate, which raises concerns due to potential negative effects on carbon neutrality in the context of global warming and climate change. With the progress of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Bo Li , Xinyang Jiang , Donglin Bai , Yuge Zhang , Ningxin Zheng , Xuanyi Dong , Lu Liu , Yuqing Yang , Dongsheng Li

Deep learning models in computer vision have achieved significant success but pose increasing concerns about energy consumption and sustainability. Despite these concerns, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of their energy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Zeyu Yang , Karel Adamek , Wesley Armour

Artificial intelligence (AI) has made remarkable progress in recent years, yet its rapid expansion brings overlooked environmental and ethical challenges. This review explores four critical areas where AI's impact extends beyond…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Jenis Winsta

Large Language Models (LLM) have significantly transformed various domains, including software development. These models assist programmers in generating code, potentially increasing productivity and efficiency. However, the environmental…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Kuen Sum Cheung , Mayuri Kaul , Gunel Jahangirova , Mohammad Reza Mousavi , Eric Zie

Advances in artificial intelligence need to become more resource-aware and sustainable. This requires clear assessment and reporting of energy efficiency trade-offs, like sacrificing fast running time for higher predictive performance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Raphael Fischer , Matthias Jakobs , Katharina Morik

The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has significantly increased the electricity, water, and carbon demands of modern data centers, raising sustainability concerns. This study evaluates the environmental footprint of AI server…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Aadi Patel , Nikhil Mahalingam , Rusheen Patel