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Credit assignment in reinforcement learning is the problem of measuring an action's influence on future rewards. In particular, this requires separating skill from luck, i.e. disentangling the effect of an action on rewards from that of…

As AI generative models evolve at unprecedented speed, image attribution has become a moving target. New diffusion, adversarial and autoregressive generators appear almost monthly, making existing watermark, classifier and inversion methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Haotian Qin , Dongliang Chang , Yueying Gao , Yuexuan Tan , Lei Chen , Zhanyu Ma

To make reinforcement learning more sample efficient, we need better credit assignment methods that measure an action's influence on future rewards. Building upon Hindsight Credit Assignment (HCA), we introduce Counterfactual Contribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Alexander Meulemans , Simon Schug , Seijin Kobayashi , Nathaniel Daw , Gregory Wayne

The goal of algorithmic recourse is to reverse unfavorable decisions (e.g., from loan denial to approval) under automated decision making by suggesting actionable feature changes (e.g., reduce the number of credit cards). To generate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Martin Pawelczyk , Lea Tiyavorabun , Gjergji Kasneci

Counterfactual instances offer human-interpretable insight into the local behaviour of machine learning models. We propose a general framework to generate sparse, in-distribution counterfactual model explanations which match a desired…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Arnaud Van Looveren , Janis Klaise , Giovanni Vacanti , Oliver Cobb

Despite the widespread adoption of autoregressive language models, explainability evaluation research has predominantly focused on span infilling and masked language models. Evaluating the faithfulness of an explanation method -- how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Sepehr Kamahi , Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh

Machine learning algorithms in socially sensitive domains (e.g., credit decisions) often focus on equalizing predictive outcomes. However, satisfying these metrics does not guarantee that models use the same reasoning for different groups.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Gideon Popoola , John Sheppard

Credit scoring models based on accepted applications may be biased and their consequences can have a statistical and economic impact. Reject inference is the process of attempting to infer the creditworthiness status of the rejected…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-09-27 Rogelio A. Mancisidor , Michael Kampffmeyer , Kjersti Aas , Robert Jenssen

Decision-makers are faced with the challenge of estimating what is likely to happen when they take an action. For instance, if I choose not to treat this patient, are they likely to die? Practitioners commonly use supervised learning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-02 Peter Schulam , Suchi Saria

Feature attribution is a fundamental task in both machine learning and data analysis, which involves determining the contribution of individual features or variables to a model's output. This process helps identify the most important…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Jinfeng Zhong , Elsa Negre

As machine learning models are increasingly deployed in high-stakes domains such as legal and financial decision-making, there has been growing interest in post-hoc methods for generating counterfactual explanations. Such explanations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Alexis Ross , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Osbert Bastani

This paper is a note on new directions and methodologies for validation and explanation of Machine Learning (ML) models employed for retail credit scoring in finance. Our proposed framework draws motivation from the field of Artificial…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-01 Masoud Hashemi , Ali Fathi

Counterfactuals have become a popular technique nowadays for interacting with black-box machine learning models and understanding how to change a particular instance to obtain a desired outcome from the model. However, most existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Philip Naumann , Eirini Ntoutsi

Conformal prediction (CP) and its extension, conformal risk control (CRC), are established frameworks for quantifying uncertainty in supervised machine learning through formal guarantees. However, recent breakthroughs in artificial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Gabriel Loaiza-Ganem , Kevin Zhang , Wei Cui , Marc T. Law , Kin Kwan Leung

Credit attribution is crucial across various fields. In academic research, proper citation acknowledges prior work and establishes original contributions. Similarly, in generative models, such as those trained on existing artworks or music,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Roi Livni , Shay Moran , Kobbi Nissim , Chirag Pabbaraju

Counterfactual explanations provide ways of achieving a favorable model outcome with minimum input perturbation. However, counterfactual explanations can also be leveraged to reconstruct the model by strategically training a surrogate model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Pasan Dissanayake , Sanghamitra Dutta

We explore the use of class-conditional autoregressive (CA) models to perform image classification on MNIST-10. Autoregressive models assign probability to an entire input by combining probabilities from each individual feature; hence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Nathan Elazar

Counterfactual image editing is an important task in generative AI, which asks how an image would look if certain features were different. The current literature on the topic focuses primarily on changing individual features while remaining…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Yushu Pan , Elias Bareinboim

Generative AI technologies have demonstrated significant potential across diverse applications. This study provides a comparative analysis of credit score modeling techniques, contrasting traditional approaches with those leveraging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Nicola Lavecchia , Sid Fadanelli , Federico Ricciuti , Gennaro Aloe , Enrico Bagli , Pietro Giuffrida , Daniele Vergari

This paper presents a novel generative model, Collaborative Competitive Agents (CCA), which leverages the capabilities of multiple Large Language Models (LLMs) based agents to execute complex tasks. Drawing inspiration from Generative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Tiankai Hang , Shuyang Gu , Dong Chen , Xin Geng , Baining Guo
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