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gem5 is a popular modular-based computer system simulator, widely used in computer architecture research and known for its long simulation time and steep learning curve. This report examines its three major CPU models: the AtomicSimpleCPU…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Johan Söderström , Yuan Yao

Architectural simulators hold a vital role in RISC-V research, providing a crucial platform for workload evaluation without the need for costly physical prototypes. They serve as a dynamic environment for exploring innovative architectural…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Debjyoti Bhattacharjee , Anmol , Tommaso Marinelli , Karan Pathak , Peter Kourzanov

Reproducibility in simulation-based computer architecture research requires coordinating artifacts like disk images, kernels, and benchmarks, but existing workflows are inconsistent. We improve gem5, an open-source simulator with over 1600…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Kunal Pai , Harshil Patel , Erin Le , Noah Krim , Mahyar Samani , Bobby R. Bruce , Jason Lowe-Power

Detailed timing models are indispensable tools for the design space exploration of Multiprocessor Systems on Chip (MPSoCs). As core counts continue to increase, the complexity in memory hierarchies and interconnect topologies is also…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-05-14 José Cubero-Cascante , Niko Zurstraßen , Jörn Nöller , Rainer Leupers , Jan Moritz Joseph

The open-source and community-supported gem5 simulator is one of the most popular tools for computer architecture research. This simulation infrastructure allows researchers to model modern computer hardware at the cycle level, and it has…

Vector architectures lack tools for research. Consider the gem5 simulator, which is possibly the leading platform for computer-system architecture research. Unfortunately, gem5 does not have an available distribution that includes a…

Gem5, an open-source, flexible, and cost-effective simulator, is widely recognized and utilized in both academic and industry fields for hardware simulation. However, the typically time-consuming nature of simulating programs on Gem5…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Tian Yan , Xueyang Li , Sifat Ut Taki , Saeid Mehrdad

To mitigate the ever worsening "Power wall" and "Memory wall" problems, multi-core architectures with multilevel cache hierarchies have been widely accepted in modern processors. However, the complexity of the architectures makes modeling…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Ming Ling , Xiaoqian Lu , Guangmin Wang , Jiancong Ge

Nowadays, various memory-hungry applications like machine learning algorithms are knocking "the memory wall". Toward this, emerging memories featuring computational capacity are foreseen as a promising solution that performs data process…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Jia-Hui Su , Chen-Hua Lu , Jenq Kuen Lee , Andrea Coluccio , Fabrizio Riente , Marco Vacca , Marco Ottavi , Kuan-Hsun Chen

Adding new hardware features to a cloud computing server requires testing both the functionalities and the performance of the new hardware mechanisms. However, commonly used cloud computing server workloads are not well-represented by the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-03-07 Hao Wu , Fangfei Liu , Ruby B. Lee

Precise estimation of model inference latency is crucial for time-critical mobile edge applications, enabling devices to calculate latency margins against deadlines and trade them for enhanced model performance or resource savings. However,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Jiesong Chen , Jun You , Zhidan Liu , Zhenjiang Li

Microprocessor design, debug, and validation research and development are increasingly based on modeling and simulation at different abstraction layers. Microarchitecture-level simulators have become the most commonly used tools for…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Odysseas Chatzopoulos , George-Marios Fragkoulis , George Papadimitriou , Dimitris Gizopoulos

Cycle-level simulators such as gem5 are widely used in microarchitecture design, but they are prohibitively slow for large-scale design space explorations. We present Concorde, a new methodology for learning fast and accurate performance…

GPU architectures have become popular for executing general-purpose programs. Their many-core architecture supports a large number of threads that run concurrently to hide the latency among dependent instructions. In modern GPU…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Rodrigo Huerta , Mojtaba Abaie Shoushtary , Antonio González

Embedded Systems combine one or more processor cores with dedicated logic running on an ASIC or FPGA to meet design goals at reasonable cost. It is achieved by profiling the application with variety of aspects like performance, memory…

Performance · Computer Science 2013-12-12 Rajendra Patel , Arvind Rajwat

Full-system simulation of computer systems is critical to capture the complex interplay between various hardware and software components in future systems. Modeling the network subsystem is indispensable to the fidelity of the full-system…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Siddharth Agarwal , Minwoo Lee , Ren Wang , Mohammad Alian

Parallel applications are extremely challenging to achieve the optimal performance on the NUMA architecture, which necessitates the assistance of profiling tools. However, existing NUMA-profiling tools share some similar shortcomings, such…

Performance · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Xin Zhao , Jin Zhou , Hui Guan , Wei Wang , Xu Liu , Tongping Liu

Accel-Sim is a widely used computer architecture simulator that models the behavior of modern NVIDIA GPUs in great detail. However, although Accel-Sim and the underlying GPGPU-Sim model many of the features of real GPUs, thus far it has not…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Shichen Qiao , Xin Su , Matthew D. Sinclair

CPU simulators are vital for computer architecture research, primarily for estimating performance under different programs. This poses challenges for fast and accurate simulation of modern CPUs, especially in multi-core systems. Modern CPU…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Buqing Xu , Jianfeng Zhu , Yichi Zhang , Qinyi Cai , Guanhua Li , Shaojun Wei , Leibo Liu

Input-sensitive profiling is a recent performance analysis technique that makes it possible to estimate the empirical cost function of individual routines of a program, helping developers understand how performance scales to larger inputs…

Performance · Computer Science 2013-04-16 Emilio Coppa , Camil Demetrescu , Irene Finocchi , Romolo Marotta
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