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Data in the real-world classification problems are always imbalanced or long-tailed, wherein the majority classes have the most of the samples that dominate the model training. In such setting, the naive model tends to have poor performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Hong Zhu , Runpeng Yu , Xing Tang , Yifei Wang , Yuan Fang , Yisen Wang

In real-world scenarios, collected and annotated data often exhibit the characteristics of multiple classes and long-tailed distribution. Additionally, label noise is inevitable in large-scale annotations and hinders the applications of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Chao Liang , Zongxin Yang , Linchao Zhu , Yi Yang

In many real-world applications, the frequency distribution of class labels for training data can exhibit a long-tailed distribution, which challenges traditional approaches of training deep neural networks that require heavy amounts of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Richard Franklin , Jiawei Yao , Deyang Zhong , Qi Qian , Juhua Hu

Class-incremental learning is dedicated to the development of deep learning models that are capable of acquiring new knowledge while retaining previously learned information. Most methods focus on balanced data distribution for each task,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Linjie Li , Zhenyu Wu , Jiaming Liu , Yang Ji

Long-tailed recognition with imbalanced class distribution naturally emerges in practical machine learning applications. Existing methods such as data reweighing, resampling, and supervised contrastive learning enforce the class balance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Chengkai Hou , Jieyu Zhang , Haonan Wang , Tianyi Zhou

While long-tailed semi-supervised learning (LTSSL) has attracted growing attention in many real-world classification tasks, existing LTSSL algorithms typically assume that labeled and unlabeled data share nearly identical class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Kai Gan , Tong Wei , Min-Ling Zhang

Real-world data often follows a long-tailed distribution, where a few head classes occupy most of the data and a large number of tail classes only contain very limited samples. In practice, deep models often show poor generalization…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Haolin Pan , Yong Guo , Mianjie Yu , Jian Chen

Transfer learning from large-scale pre-trained models has become essential for many computer vision tasks. Recent studies have shown that datasets like ImageNet are weakly labeled since images with multiple object classes present are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-25 Sai Rajeswar , Pau Rodriguez , Soumye Singhal , David Vazquez , Aaron Courville

Long-tail imbalance is endemic to multi-label learning: a few head labels dominate the gradient signal, while the many rare labels that matter in practice are silently ignored. We tackle this problem by casting the task as a cooperative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Canran Xiao , Chuangxin Zhao , Zong Ke , Fei Shen

How can models effectively detect out-of-distribution (OOD) samples in complex, multi-label settings without extensive retraining? Existing OOD detection methods struggle to capture the intricate semantic relationships and label…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zhendong Liu , Yi Nian , Yuehan Qin , Henry Peng Zou , Li Li , Xiyang Hu , Yue Zhao

Label distributions in camera-trap images are highly imbalanced and long-tailed, resulting in neural networks tending to be biased towards head-classes that appear frequently. Although long-tail learning has been extremely explored to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Byeongjun Park , Jeongsoo Kim , Seungju Cho , Heeseon Kim , Changick Kim

Long-tailed learning has attracted much attention recently, with the goal of improving generalisation for tail classes. Most existing works use supervised learning without considering the prevailing noise in the training dataset. To move…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-27 Tong Wei , Jiang-Xin Shi , Wei-Wei Tu , Yu-Feng Li

Long-tail class incremental learning (LT CIL) remains highly challenging because the scarcity of samples in tail classes not only hampers their learning but also exacerbates catastrophic forgetting under continuously evolving and imbalanced…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Xi Wang , Xu Yang , Donghao Sun , Cheng Deng

Class imbalance problems frequently occur in real-world tasks, and conventional deep learning algorithms are well known for performance degradation on imbalanced training datasets. To mitigate this problem, many approaches have aimed to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Sumyeong Ahn , Jongwoo Ko , Se-Young Yun

Despite recent advancements in out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, most current studies assume a class-balanced in-distribution training dataset, which is rarely the case in real-world scenarios. This paper addresses the challenging task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Tong Wei , Bo-Lin Wang , Min-Ling Zhang

Current long-tailed semi-supervised learning methods assume that labeled data exhibit a long-tailed distribution, and unlabeled data adhere to a typical predefined distribution (i.e., long-tailed, uniform, or inverse long-tailed). However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Yaxin Hou , Bo Han , Yuheng Jia , Hui Liu , Junhui Hou

It is not uncommon that real-world data are distributed with a long tail. For such data, the learning of deep neural networks becomes challenging because it is hard to classify tail classes correctly. In the literature, several existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Mengke Li , Yiu-ming Cheung , Yang Lu , Zhikai Hu , Weichao Lan , Hui Huang

Real-world visual recognition problems often exhibit long-tailed distributions, where the amount of data for learning in different categories shows significant imbalance. Standard classification models learned on such data distribution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Chi Zhang , Guosheng Lin , Lvlong Lai , Henghui Ding , Qingyao Wu

This paper addresses the problem of Generalized Category Discovery (GCD) under a long-tailed distribution, which involves discovering novel categories in an unlabelled dataset using knowledge from a set of labelled categories. Existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Bingchen Zhao , Kai Han

The current evaluation protocol of long-tailed visual recognition trains the classification model on the long-tailed source label distribution and evaluates its performance on the uniform target label distribution. Such protocol has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Youngkyu Hong , Seungju Han , Kwanghee Choi , Seokjun Seo , Beomsu Kim , Buru Chang