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In the past few years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have exploded in usefulness and popularity for code generation tasks. However, LLMs still struggle with accuracy and are unsuitable for high-risk applications without additional oversight…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-29 William Murphy , Nikolaus Holzer , Feitong Qiao , Leyi Cui , Raven Rothkopf , Nathan Koenig , Mark Santolucito

Understanding how and why large language models (LLMs) fail is becoming a central challenge as models rapidly evolve and static evaluations fall behind. While automated probing has been enabled by dynamic test generation, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Yue Huang , Zhengzhe Jiang , Yuchen Ma , Yu Jiang , Xiangqi Wang , Yujun Zhou , Yuexing Hao , Kehan Guo , Pin-Yu Chen , Stefan Feuerriegel , Xiangliang Zhang

Despite the great advance of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) in both instruction dataset building and benchmarking, the independence of training and evaluation makes current MLLMs hard to further improve their capability under the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Zhiyuan Zhao , Linke Ouyang , Bin Wang , Siyuan Huang , Pan Zhang , Xiaoyi Dong , Jiaqi Wang , Conghui He

We introduce LLMmap, a first-generation fingerprinting technique targeted at LLM-integrated applications. LLMmap employs an active fingerprinting approach, sending carefully crafted queries to the application and analyzing the responses to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Dario Pasquini , Evgenios M. Kornaropoulos , Giuseppe Ateniese

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across various natural language tasks, marking significant strides towards general artificial intelligence. While general artificial intelligence is leveraged by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Yizhe Yang , Huashan Sun , Jiawei Li , Runheng Liu , Yinghao Li , Yuhang Liu , Heyan Huang , Yang Gao

This study investigates the reliability of code generation by Large Language Models (LLMs), focusing on identifying and analyzing defects in the generated code. Despite the advanced capabilities of LLMs in automating code generation,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Ali Mohammadi Esfahani , Nafiseh Kahani , Samuel A. Ajila

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as versatile tools in various daily applications. However, they are fraught with issues that undermine their utility and trustworthiness. These include the incorporation of erroneous references…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Dongyub Lee , Taesun Whang , Chanhee Lee , Heuiseok Lim

Requirements traceability, the process of establishing and maintaining relationships between requirements and various software development artifacts, is paramount for ensuring system integrity and fulfilling requirements throughout the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Nouf Alturayeif , Irfan Ahmad , Jameleddine Hassine

Background: Feedback as one of the most influential factors for learning has been subject to a great body of research. It plays a key role in the development of educational technology systems and is traditionally rooted in deterministic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Dominic Lohr , Hieke Keuning , Natalie Kiesler

With the widespread application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in various tasks, the mainstream LLM platforms generate massive user-model interactions daily. In order to efficiently analyze the performance of models and diagnose failures…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Zishan Xu , Shuyi Xie , Qingsong Lv , Shupei Xiao , Linlin Song , Sui Wenjuan , Fan Lin

Large language models (LLMs) have recently shown strong potential for generating project-level unit tests. However, existing state-of-the-art approaches primarily rely on execution-path information to guide prompt construction, which is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Guancheng Wang , Qinghua Xu , Lionel C. Briand , Zhaoqiang Guo , Kui Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in generating software code for high-level programming languages such as Python and C++. However, their application to hardware description languages, such as Verilog,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yan Tan , Xiangchen Meng , Zijun Jiang , Yangdi Lyu

Product review generation is an important task in recommender systems, which could provide explanation and persuasiveness for the recommendation. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs, e.g., ChatGPT) have shown superior text modeling and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Qiyao Peng , Hongtao Liu , Hongyan Xu , Qing Yang , Minglai Shao , Wenjun Wang

Prompting large language models (LLMs) to evaluate generated text, known as LLM-as-a-judge, has become a standard evaluation approach in natural language generation (NLG), but is primarily used as a quantitative tool, i.e. with numerical…

Large Language Models (LLMs) for code generation evolve rapidly through fine-tuning, merging, or new model releases. However, such updates can introduce regressions, not only in correctness but also in code quality and performance. To…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Altaf Allah Abbassi , Leuson Da Silva , Amin Nikanjam , Foutse Khomh

The wide-ranging applications of large language models (LLMs), especially in safety-critical domains, necessitate the proper evaluation of the LLM's adversarial robustness. This paper proposes an efficient tool to audit the LLM's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Xilie Xu , Keyi Kong , Ning Liu , Lizhen Cui , Di Wang , Jingfeng Zhang , Mohan Kankanhalli

The integration of experimental technologies with large language models (LLMs) is transforming scientific research. It positions AI as a versatile research assistant rather than a mere problem-solving tool. In the field of power systems,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Mengshuo Jia , Zeyu Cui , Gabriela Hug

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has outpaced the scalability of traditional evaluation benchmarks, which remain heavily dependent on labor-intensive expert curation. We address this bottleneck with Conv-to-Bench, a…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to automate software engineering tasks, including the generation of UML class diagrams from natural language descriptions. While prior work demonstrates that LLMs can produce…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Rabia Iftikhar , Andreas Rausch

As large language models (LLMs) scale, their inference incurs substantial computational resources, exposing them to energy-latency attacks, where crafted prompts induce high energy and latency cost. Existing attack methods aim to prolong…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Xingyu Li , Xiaolei Liu , Cheng Liu , Yixiao Xu , Kangyi Ding , Bangzhou Xin , Jia-Li Yin