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Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable success in recent years, enabling a wide range of applications, including intelligent assistants that support users' daily life and work. A critical factor in building such assistants is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Xiaoyan Zhao , Ming Yan , Yilun Qiu , Haoting Ni , Yang Zhang , Fuli Feng , Hong Cheng , Tat-Seng Chua

Activation-based control steers large language models (LLMs) by intervening on their internal representations during inference, and has emerged as an effective paradigm for controlling behaviors such as persona and style. However, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yingdong Shi , Ruiming Zhang , Changming Li , Zhiyu Yang , Kaixing Zhang , Jingyi Yu , Kan Ren

Effective and reliable control over large language model (LLM) behavior is a significant challenge. While activation steering methods, which add steering vectors to a model's hidden states, are a promising approach, existing techniques…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Samuel Soo , Chen Guang , Wesley Teng , Chandrasekaran Balaganesh , Tan Guoxian , Yan Ming

Transformer-based language models excel in NLP tasks, but fine-grained control remains challenging. This paper explores methods for manipulating transformer models through principled interventions at three levels: prompts, activations, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Faruk Alpay , Taylan Alpay

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) often exhibit significant modality preference, which is a tendency to favor one modality over another. Depending on the input, they may over-rely on linguistic priors relative to visual evidence, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Zihan Huang , Xintong Li , Rohan Surana , Tong Yu , Rui Wang , Julian McAuley , Jingbo Shang , Junda Wu

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) for downstream tasks often compromises safety alignment, even when using parameter-efficient methods like LoRA. In this work, we uncover a notable property: fine-tuned models preserve the geometric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Thong Bach , Thanh Nguyen-Tang , Dung Nguyen , Thao Minh Le , Truyen Tran

Current large language models have dangerous capabilities, which are likely to become more problematic in the future. Activation steering techniques can be used to reduce risks from these capabilities. In this paper, we investigate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Teun van der Weij , Massimo Poesio , Nandi Schoots

As vision-language models (VLMs) are increasingly deployed in open-world scenarios, they can be easily induced by visual jailbreak attacks to generate harmful content, posing serious risks to model safety and trustworthy usage. Recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Xingyu Zhu , Beier Zhu , Shuo Wang , Junfeng Fang , Kesen Zhao , Hanwang Zhang , Xiangnan He

Controlling the behavior of Large Language Models (LLMs) remains a significant challenge due to their inherent complexity and opacity. While techniques like fine-tuning can modify model behavior, they typically require extensive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Yixiong Hao , Ayush Panda , Stepan Shabalin , Sheikh Abdur Raheem Ali

Evaluations of large language model (LLM) risks and capabilities are increasingly being incorporated into AI risk management and governance frameworks. Currently, most risk evaluations are conducted by designing inputs that elicit harmful…

Code LLMs often default to particular programming languages and libraries under neutral prompts. We investigate whether these preferences are encoded as approximately linear directions in activation space that can be manipulated at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Md Mahbubur Rahman , Arjun Guha , Harshitha Menon

Representation steering offers a lightweight mechanism for controlling the behavior of large language models (LLMs) by intervening on internal activations at inference time. Most existing methods rely on a single global steering direction,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Laziz U. Abdullaev , Noelle Y. L. Wong , Ryan T. Z. Lee , Shiqi Jiang , Khoi N. M. Nguyen , Tan M. Nguyen

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as knowledge bases, but keeping them up to date requires targeted knowledge editing (KE). However, it remains unclear how edits are implemented inside the model once applied. In this work,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yuan Cao , Mingyang Wang , Hinrich Schütze

Large language models (LLMs) often exhibit undesirable behaviours, such as generating untruthful or biased content. Editing their internal representations has been shown to be effective in mitigating such behaviours on top of the existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Yifu Qiu , Zheng Zhao , Yftah Ziser , Anna Korhonen , Edoardo M. Ponti , Shay B. Cohen

The success of powerful open source Large Language Models (LLMs) has enabled the community to create a vast collection of post-trained models adapted to specific tasks and domains. However, navigating and understanding these models remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Zhiqiu Xu , Amish Sethi , Mayur Naik , Ser-Nam Lim

Recent advances in Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in solving complex tasks such as mathematics and coding. However, these models frequently exhibit a phenomenon known as overthinking during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yao Huang , Huanran Chen , Shouwei Ruan , Yichi Zhang , Xingxing Wei , Yinpeng Dong

Steering vectors (SVs) have emerged as a promising approach for interpreting and controlling LLMs, but current methods typically require large contrastive datasets that are often impractical to construct and may capture spurious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Jacob Dunefsky , Arman Cohan

Recent advances in mechanistic interpretability have revealed that large language models (LLMs) develop internal representations corresponding not only to concrete entities but also distinct, human-understandable abstract concepts and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Rio Alexa Fear , Payel Mukhopadhyay , Michael McCabe , Alberto Bietti , Miles Cranmer

Fine-tuning-as-a-service, while commercially successful for Large Language Model (LLM) providers, exposes models to harmful fine-tuning attacks. As a widely explored defense paradigm against such attacks, unlearning attempts to remove…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Biao Yi , Tiansheng Huang , Baolei Zhang , Tong Li , Lihai Nie , Zheli Liu , Li Shen

Large language models frequently produce errors in reasoning tasks despite possessing the underlying knowledge required for correct reasoning. One possible approach to improve reasoning consistency is through activation steering. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Ian Li , Kapilesh Guruprasad , Raunak Sengupta , Ninad Satish , Loris D'Antoni , Rose Yu