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Although Long Reasoning Models (LRMs) have achieved superior performance on various reasoning scenarios, they often suffer from increased computational costs and inference latency caused by overthinking. To address these limitations, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Yujian Zhang , Keyu Chen , Zhifeng Shen , Ruizhi Qiao , Xing Sun

Deep learning models are widely used across computer vision and other domains. When working on the model induction, selecting the right architecture for a given dataset often relies on repetitive trial-and-error procedures. This procedure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Yen-Chia Chen , Hsing-Kuo Pao , Hanjuan Huang

Recent thinking models trained with reinforcement learning and backward-checking CoT often suffer from overthinking: they produce excessively long outputs even on simple problems, wasting computation. Existing evaluations, based on token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Siqi Fan , Bowen Qin , Peng Han , Shuo Shang , Yequan Wang , Aixin Sun

Test-time scaling has enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to tackle complex reasoning, yet the limitations of current Chain-of-Thought (CoT) evaluation obscures whether performance gains stem from genuine reasoning or mere verbosity. To…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zhizhang Fu , Yuancheng Gu , Chenkai Hu , Hanmeng Liu , Yue Zhang

Chain-of-thought reasoning, while powerful, can produce unnecessarily verbose output for simpler problems. We present a framework for difficulty-aware reasoning that teaches models to dynamically adjust reasoning depth based on problem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Abdul Waheed , Chancharik Mitra , Laurie Z. Wang , Deva Ramanan , Bhiksha Raj

Large language models (LLMs) demand considerable computational, energy, and financial resources during both training and deployment. While scaling laws for training have guided much of the field's recent progress, inference costs now…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Austin R. Ellis-Mohr , Anuj K. Nayak , Lav R. Varshney

The integration of extensive, dynamic knowledge into Large Language Models (LLMs) remains a significant challenge due to the inherent entanglement of factual data and reasoning patterns. Existing solutions, ranging from non-parametric…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Wenxuan Xie , Yujia Wang , Xin Tan , Chaochao Lu , Xia Hu , Xuhong Wang

As machine learning inferences increasingly move to edge devices, adapting to diverse computational capabilities, hardware, and memory constraints becomes more critical. Instead of relying on a pre-trained model fixed for all future…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Xiangchen Li , Saeid Ghafouri , Bo Ji , Hans Vandierendonck , Deepu John , Dimitrios S. Nikolopoulos

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong reasoning performance through chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning, yet often generate unnecessarily long reasoning paths that incur high inference cost. Recent self-consistency-based approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Juming Xiong , Kevin Guo , Congning Ni , Chao Yan , Katherine Brown , Avinash Baidya , Xiang Gao , Bradley Malin , Zhijun Yin

This work addresses test output prediction, a key challenge in test case generation. To improve the reliability of predicted outputs by LLMs, prior approaches generate code first to ground predictions. One grounding strategy is direct…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Hojae Han , Jaejin Kim , Seung-won Hwang , Yu Jin Kim , Moontae Lee

Large-scale pre-trained language models have shown impressive results on language understanding benchmarks like GLUE and SuperGLUE, improving considerably over other pre-training methods like distributed representations (GloVe) and purely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Tanja Bunk , Daksh Varshneya , Vladimir Vlasov , Alan Nichol

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in reasoning tasks, yet their reliance on static prompt structures and limited adaptability to complex scenarios remains a significant challenge. In this paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Chengkun Cai , Xu Zhao , Haoliang Liu , Zhongyu Jiang , Tianfang Zhang , Zongkai Wu , Jenq-Neng Hwang , Lei Li

In the era of large language models, model merging is a promising way to combine multiple task-specific models into a single multitask model without extra training. However, two challenges remain: (a) interference between different models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Zhenyi Lu , Chenghao Fan , Wei Wei , Xiaoye Qu , Dangyang Chen , Yu Cheng

Performing inference on large volumes of samples with large language models (LLMs) can be computationally and financially costly in industry and real-world use. We propose batch prompting, a simple yet effective prompting approach that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Zhoujun Cheng , Jungo Kasai , Tao Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved significant advances in reasoning tasks. A key approach is tree-based search with verifiers, which expand candidate reasoning paths and use reward models to guide pruning and selection. Although…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yingqian Cui , Zhenwei Dai , Pengfei He , Bing He , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Jingying Zeng , Suhang Wang , Yue Xing , Jiliang Tang , Benoit Dumoulin

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) have demonstrated immense potential in autonomous driving (AD) by offering human-like reasoning and open-world generalization. However, the excessive computational overhead and high…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ruoyu Yao , Ruiguo Zhong , Pei Liu , Mingxing Peng , Rui Yang , Jun Ma

This paper presents a novel framework for enhancing reasoning capabilities in large language models (LLMs) by leveraging iterative reasoning and feedback-driven methodologies. Building on the limitations identified in the SimpleBench…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Soham Sane , Angus McLean

Large language models have achieved remarkable capabilities, but their practical deployment is hindered by significant computational costs. While adaptive computation methods like early-exiting promise to reduce these costs, they introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Sangmin Bae

Detectives frequently engage in information detection and reasoning simultaneously when making decisions across various cases, especially when confronted with a vast amount of information. With the rapid development of large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Zhouhong Gu , Lin Zhang , Jiangjie Chen , Haoning Ye , Xiaoxuan Zhu , Zihan Li , Zheyu Ye , Yan Gao , Yao Hu , Yanghua Xiao , Hongwei Feng

We introduce a novel framework, LM-Guided CoT, that leverages a lightweight (i.e., <1B) language model (LM) for guiding a black-box large (i.e., >10B) LM in reasoning tasks. Specifically, the lightweight LM first generates a rationale for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Jooyoung Lee , Fan Yang , Thanh Tran , Qian Hu , Emre Barut , Kai-Wei Chang , Chengwei Su