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With the rapid evolution of large language models (LLM), reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a pivotal technique for code generation and optimization in various domains. This paper presents a systematic survey of the application of…

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at code generation by learning from vast code corpora, a fundamental semantic gap remains between their training on textual patterns and the goal of functional correctness, which is governed by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Xue Jiang , Yihong Dong , Mengyang Liu , Hongyi Deng , Tian Wang , Yongding Tao , Rongyu Cao , Binhua Li , Zhi Jin , Wenpin Jiao , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li , Ge Li

Code generation refers to automatically producing executable programs from user requirements. Recently, researchers have explored approaches to enhance the correctness of generated code with advanced large language models. Although…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Jia Li , Ruiqi Bai , Yangkang Luo , Yiran Zhang , Wentao Yang , Zeyu Sun , Tiankuo Zhao , Dongming Jin , Lei Li , Zhi Jin

Recent advancements in code generation have shown remarkable success across software domains, yet hardware description languages (HDLs) such as Verilog remain underexplored due to their concurrency semantics, syntactic rigidity, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Fu Teng , Miao Pan , Xuhong Zhang , Zhezhi He , Yiyao Yang , Xinyi Chai , Mengnan Qi , Liqiang Lu , Jianwei Yin

Program synthesis or code generation aims to generate a program that satisfies a problem specification. Recent approaches using large-scale pretrained language models (LMs) have shown promising results, yet they have some critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Hung Le , Yue Wang , Akhilesh Deepak Gotmare , Silvio Savarese , Steven C. H. Hoi

With the recent advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), generating functionally correct code has become less complicated for a wide array of developers. While using LLMs has sped up the functional development process, it poses a heavy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Nafis Tanveer Islam , Mohammad Bahrami Karkevandi , Peyman Najafirad

Optimizing scientific software is a difficult task because codebases are often large and complex, and performance can depend upon several factors including the algorithm, its implementation, and hardware among others. Causes of poor…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Daniel Nichols , Pranav Polasam , Harshitha Menon , Aniruddha Marathe , Todd Gamblin , Abhinav Bhatele

Curriculum reinforcement learning (CRL) improves the learning speed and stability of an agent by exposing it to a tailored series of tasks throughout learning. Despite empirical successes, an open question in CRL is how to automatically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Pascal Klink , Carlo D'Eramo , Jan Peters , Joni Pajarinen

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a popular training paradigm, particularly when paired with reasoning models. While effective, it primarily focuses on generating responses and lacks mechanisms to explicitly foster critique or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Chi Ruan , Dongfu Jiang , Yubo Wang , Wenhu Chen

Curriculum reinforcement learning (CRL) allows solving complex tasks by generating a tailored sequence of learning tasks, starting from easy ones and subsequently increasing their difficulty. Although the potential of curricula in RL has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Pascal Klink , Carlo D'Eramo , Jan Peters , Joni Pajarinen

Reinforcement learning (RL) with unit test feedback has enhanced large language models' (LLMs) code generation, but relies on sparse rewards provided only after complete code evaluation, limiting learning efficiency and incremental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Ning Dai , Zheng Wu , Renjie Zheng , Ziyun Wei , Wenlei Shi , Xing Jin , Guanlin Liu , Chen Dun , Liang Huang , Lin Yan

Code-generating Large Language Models (LLMs) have become essential tools in modern software development, enhancing productivity and accelerating development. This paper aims to investigate the fine-tuning of code-generating LLMs using…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Marina Sakharova , Abhinav Anand , Mira Mezini

This paper focuses on the critical load restoration problem in distribution systems following major outages. To provide fast online response and optimal sequential decision-making support, a reinforcement learning (RL) based approach is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-30 Xiangyu Zhang , Abinet Tesfaye Eseye , Bernard Knueven , Weijia Liu , Matthew Reynolds , Wesley Jones

Code verifiers play a critical role in post-verification for LLM-based code generation, yet existing supervised fine-tuning methods suffer from data scarcity, high failure rates, and poor inference efficiency. While reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Ji Shi , Peiming Guo , Meishan Zhang , Miao Zhang , Xuebo Liu , Min Zhang , Weili Guan

Reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) has shown strong promise for LLM reasoning, but outcome-based RLVR remains inefficient on hard problems because correct final-answer rollouts are rare and sample-level credit assignment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Xitai Jiang , Zihan Tang , Wenze Lin , Yang Yue , Shenzhi Wang , Gao Huang

Reinforcement learning (RL) to improve code review comment generation requires handling unstructured outputs, making reinforcement learning (RL) feedback challenging. The two main RL approaches, namely RL with Verifiable Feedback (RLVR) and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Manav Nitin Kapadnis , Atharva Naik , Carolyn Rose

Teaching large language models (LLMs) to critique and refine their outputs is crucial for building systems that can iteratively improve, yet it is fundamentally limited by the ability to provide accurate judgments and actionable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Zhihui Xie , Jie Chen , Liyu Chen , Weichao Mao , Jingjing Xu , Lingpeng Kong

This study introduces an innovative framework that employs large language models (LLMs) to automate the design and generation of curricula for reinforcement learning (RL). As mobile networks evolve towards the 6G era, managing their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Omar Erak , Omar Alhussein , Shimaa Naser , Nouf Alabbasi , De Mi , Sami Muhaidat

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) for text generation. In particular, recent LLMs such as ChatGPT and GPT-4 can engage in fluent conversations with users after…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Jonathan D. Chang , Kiante Brantley , Rajkumar Ramamurthy , Dipendra Misra , Wen Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable code generation capabilities but falter when adapting to frequent updates in external library APIs. This critical limitation, stemming from reliance on outdated API knowledge from their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Haoze Wu , Yunzhi Yao , Wenhao Yu , Ningyu Zhang
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