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We prove an exact relationship between the optimal denoising function and the data distribution in the case of additive Gaussian noise, showing that denoising implicitly models the structure of data allowing it to be exploited in the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-09-11 Heikki Arponen , Matti Herranen , Harri Valpola

Diffusion-based generative models use stochastic differential equations (SDEs) and their equivalent ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to establish a smooth connection between a complex data distribution and a tractable prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-25 Defang Chen , Zhenyu Zhou , Can Wang , Chunhua Shen , Siwei Lyu

Denoising diffusion probabilistic models have transformed image generation with their impressive fidelity and diversity. We show that they also excel in estimating optical flow and monocular depth, surprisingly, without task-specific…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Saurabh Saxena , Charles Herrmann , Junhwa Hur , Abhishek Kar , Mohammad Norouzi , Deqing Sun , David J. Fleet

Continuous diffusion and flow matching models could represent a powerful alternative to autoregressive approaches for language modelling (LM), as they unlock a host of advantages currently reserved for continuous modalities, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Oscar Davis , Anastasiia Filippova , Pierre Ablin , Victor Turrisi , Amitis Shidani , Marco Cuturi , Louis Béthune

While normalizing flows for continuous data have been extensively researched, flows for discrete data have only recently been explored. These prior models, however, suffer from limitations that are distinct from those of continuous flows.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Mai Elkady , Jim Lim , David I. Inouye

Diffusion models have achieved remarkable success in generating high-resolution, realistic images across diverse natural distributions. However, their performance heavily relies on high-quality training data, making it challenging to learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Tianyu Chen , Yasi Zhang , Zhendong Wang , Ying Nian Wu , Oscar Leong , Mingyuan Zhou

We study the problem of training a flow-based generative model, parametrized by a two-layer autoencoder, to sample from a high-dimensional Gaussian mixture. We provide a sharp end-to-end analysis of the problem. First, we provide a tight…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-08-20 Hugo Cui , Florent Krzakala , Eric Vanden-Eijnden , Lenka Zdeborová

We introduce a new paradigm for generative modeling built on Continuous Normalizing Flows (CNFs), allowing us to train CNFs at unprecedented scale. Specifically, we present the notion of Flow Matching (FM), a simulation-free approach for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Yaron Lipman , Ricky T. Q. Chen , Heli Ben-Hamu , Maximilian Nickel , Matt Le

Combining discrete and continuous data is an important capability for generative models. We present Discrete Flow Models (DFMs), a new flow-based model of discrete data that provides the missing link in enabling flow-based generative models…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-07 Andrew Campbell , Jason Yim , Regina Barzilay , Tom Rainforth , Tommi Jaakkola

Denoising diffusion models (DDMs) have led to staggering performance leaps in image generation, editing and restoration. However, existing DDMs use very large datasets for training. Here, we introduce a framework for training a DDM on a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Vladimir Kulikov , Shahar Yadin , Matan Kleiner , Tomer Michaeli

Deep generative frameworks including GANs and normalizing flow models have proven successful at filling in missing values in partially observed data samples by effectively learning -- either explicitly or implicitly -- complex,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Edgar A. Bernal

We develop an analytical framework for understanding how the generated distribution evolves during diffusion model training. Leveraging a Gaussian-equivalence principle, we solve the full-batch gradient-flow dynamics of linear and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Binxu Wang , Cengiz Pehlevan

Scenario-based probabilistic forecasts have become vital for decision-makers in handling intermittent renewable energies. This paper presents a recent promising deep learning generative approach called denoising diffusion probabilistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Esteban Hernandez Capel , Jonathan Dumas

Flow models have recently made great progress at modeling ordinal discrete data such as images and audio. Due to the continuous nature of flow models, dequantization is typically applied when using them for such discrete data, resulting in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Didrik Nielsen , Ole Winther

For faster sampling and higher sample quality, we propose DiNof ($\textbf{Di}$ffusion with $\textbf{No}$rmalizing $\textbf{f}$low priors), a technique that makes use of normalizing flows and diffusion models. We use normalizing flows to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Mohsen Zand , Ali Etemad , Michael Greenspan

Recently, there has been extensive research interest in training deep networks to denoise images without clean reference. However, the representative approaches such as Noise2Noise, Noise2Void, Stein's unbiased risk estimator (SURE), etc.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-28 Kwanyoung Kim , Jong Chul Ye

The multi-step denoising process in diffusion and Flow Matching models causes major efficiency issues, which motivates research on few-step generation. We present Solution Flow Models (SoFlow), a framework for one-step generation from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Tianze Luo , Haotian Yuan , Zhuang Liu

Diffusion models are a class of probabilistic generative models that have been widely used as a prior for image processing tasks like text conditional generation and inpainting. We demonstrate that these models can be adapted to make…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Marc Finzi , Anudhyan Boral , Andrew Gordon Wilson , Fei Sha , Leonardo Zepeda-Núñez

Diffusion-based models decompose sampling into many small Gaussian denoising steps -- an assumption that breaks down when generation is compressed to a few coarse transitions. Existing few-step methods address this through distillation,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Jiatao Gu , Tianrong Chen , Ying Shen , David Berthelot , Shuangfei Zhai , Josh Susskind

Diffusion models (DMs) have become the dominant paradigm of generative modeling in a variety of domains by learning stochastic processes from noise to data. Recently, diffusion denoising bridge models (DDBMs), a new formulation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Guande He , Kaiwen Zheng , Jianfei Chen , Fan Bao , Jun Zhu