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Speculative Decoding (SD) ensures that the output matches the target model's distribution exactly. However, we argue that this distribution matching requirement is too stringent and results in unnecessarily low acceptance rates, limiting…

The acceleration of Large Language Models (LLMs) with speculative decoding provides a significant runtime improvement without any loss of accuracy. Currently, EAGLE-2 is the state-of-the-art speculative decoding method, improving on EAGLE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Oscar Brown , Zhengjie Wang , Andrea Do , Nikhil Mathew , Cheng Yu

Speculative decoding is an effective and lossless method for Large Language Model (LLM) inference acceleration. It employs a smaller model to generate a draft token sequence, which is then verified by the original base model. In multi-GPU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yize Wu , Ke Gao , Ling Li , Yanjun Wu

Speculative Decoding (SD) is a technique to accelerate the inference of Large Language Models (LLMs) by using a lower complexity draft model to propose candidate tokens verified by a larger target model. To further improve efficiency,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Xiaofan Lu , Yixiao Zeng , Feiyang Ma , Zixu Yu , Marco Levorato

Decision trees are essential yet NP-complete to train, prompting the widespread use of heuristic methods such as CART, which suffers from sub-optimal performance due to its greedy nature. Recently, breakthroughs in finding optimal decision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Jiayang Ren , Valentín Osuna-Enciso , Morimasa Okamoto , Qiangqiang Mao , Chaojie Ji , Liang Cao , Kaixun Hua , Yankai Cao

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have gained popularity in achieving state-of-the-art performance in a wide range of tasks in computer vision and natural language processing. They effectively expand the model capacity while incurring a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Haiyang Huang , Newsha Ardalani , Anna Sun , Liu Ke , Hsien-Hsin S. Lee , Anjali Sridhar , Shruti Bhosale , Carole-Jean Wu , Benjamin Lee

To mitigate the high inference latency stemming from autoregressive decoding in Large Language Models (LLMs), Speculative Decoding has emerged as a novel decoding paradigm for LLM inference. In each decoding step, this method first drafts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Heming Xia , Zhe Yang , Qingxiu Dong , Peiyi Wang , Yongqi Li , Tao Ge , Tianyu Liu , Wenjie Li , Zhifang Sui

Speculative decoding accelerates autoregressive speech generation by letting a fast draft model propose tokens that a larger target model verifies. However, for speech LLMs that generate acoustic tokens, exact token matching is overly…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-23 Moran Yanuka , Paul Dixon , Eyal Finkelshtein , Daniel Rotman , Raja Giryes

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has recently emerged as the mainstream architecture for efficiently scaling large language models while maintaining near-constant computational cost. Expert parallelism distributes parameters by partitioning experts…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Adrian Zhao , Zhenkun Cai , Zhenyu Song , Lingfan Yu , Haozheng Fan , Jun Wu , Yida Wang , Nandita Vijaykumar

Auto-regressive decoding in Large Language Models (LLMs) is inherently memory-bound: every generation step requires loading the model weights and intermediate results from memory (e.g., High-Bandwidth Memory (HBM) for GPU servers), making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Yuning Han , Yangchenchen Jin , Dylan Zhao , Jingwei Sun

Speculative decoding accelerates inference for Large Language Models by using a lightweight draft model to propose candidate tokens that are verified in parallel by a larger target model. Prior work shows that the draft model often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Ofir Ben Shoham

Autoregressive video diffusion is emerging as a promising paradigm for streaming video synthesis, with step distillation serving as the primary means of accelerating inference. Whether speculative decoding, the dominant acceleration…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yuezhou Hu , Jintao Zhang

Error correction codes (ECC) are crucial for ensuring reliable information transmission in communication systems. Choukroun & Wolf (2022b) recently introduced the Error Correction Code Transformer (ECCT), which has demonstrated promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Matan Levy , Yoni Choukroun , Lior Wolf

Speculative decoding (SD) has been demonstrated as an effective technique for lossless LLM inference acceleration. Retrieval-based SD methods, one kind of model-free method, have yielded promising speedup, but they often rely on incomplete…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Yuxuan Hu , Ke Wang , Xiaokang Zhang , Fanjin Zhang , Cuiping Li , Hong Chen , Jing Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing, yet their high computational demands pose significant challenges for real-time inference, especially in multi-user server speculative decoding and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Phuong Tran , Tzu-Hao Liu , Long Tan Le , Tung-Anh Nguyen , Van Quan La , Eason Yu , Han Shu , Choong Seon Hong , Nguyen H. Tran

Speculative decoding accelerates autoregressive generation by separating token proposal from verification, but most existing approaches are designed for single-node execution and do not scale well to multi-accelerator clusters used for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-30 Junhao He , Feiran You , Hongyang Du

We present Entropy Adaptive Decoding (EAD), a novel approach for efficient language model inference that dynamically switches between different-sized models based on prediction uncertainty. By monitoring rolling entropy in model logit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Toby Simonds

Language models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in reasoning tasks through test-time scaling techniques like best-of-N sampling and tree search. However, these approaches often demand substantial computational resources, creating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Woomin Song , Saket Dingliwal , Sai Muralidhar Jayanthi , Bhavana Ganesh , Jinwoo Shin , Aram Galstyan , Sravan Babu Bodapati

Self-consistency boosts inference-time performance by sampling multiple reasoning traces in parallel and voting. However, in constrained domains like math and code, this strategy is compute-inefficient because it samples with replacement,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Xueyan Li , Johannes Zenn , Ekaterina Fadeeva , Guinan Su , Mrinmaya Sachan , Jonas Geiping

Speculative decoding must produce outputs distribution identical to standard autoregressive generation-this output equivalence is not an optimization target but the defining criterion of valid speculative decoding. We demonstrate that all…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Ranran Haoran Zhang , Soumik Dey , Ashirbad Mishra , Hansi Wu , Binbin Li , Rui Zhang
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