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While fine-tuned large language models (LLMs) excel in generating grammatically valid SQL in Text-to-SQL parsing, they often struggle to ensure semantic accuracy in queries, leading to user confusion and diminished system usability. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Jipeng Cen , Jiaxin Liu , Zhixu Li , Jingjing Wang

In Natural Language Processing (NLP), one of the most important tasks is text-to-SQL semantic parsing, which focuses on enabling users to interact with the database in a more natural manner. In recent years, text-to-SQL has made significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Saleh Almohaimeed , Saad Almohaimeed , Mansour Al Ghanim , Liqiang Wang

Data analysts use SQL queries to access and manipulate data on their databases. However, these queries are often challenging to write, and small mistakes can lead to unexpected data output. Recent work has explored several ways to…

Despite strong performance on Text-to-SQL benchmarks, it remains unclear whether LLM-generated SQL programs are structurally reliable. In this work, we investigate the structural behavior of LLM-generated SQL queries and introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Yixi Zhou , Fan Zhang , Zhiqiao Guo , Yu Chen , Haipeng Zhang , Preslav Nakov , Zhuohan Xie

To access data stored in relational databases, users need to understand the database schema and write a query using a query language such as SQL. To simplify this task, text-to-SQL models attempt to translate a user's natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Amol Kelkar , Rohan Relan , Vaishali Bhardwaj , Saurabh Vaichal , Chandra Khatri , Peter Relan

Table-to-text systems generate natural language statements from structured data like tables. While end-to-end techniques suffer from low factual correctness (fidelity), a previous study reported gains when using manual logical forms (LF)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Iñigo Alonso , Eneko Agirre

Applying large, proprietary API-based language models to text-to-SQL tasks poses a significant industry challenge: reliance on massive, schema-heavy prompts results in prohibitive per-token API costs and high latency, hindering scalable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Chinmay Soni , Shivam Chourasia , Gaurav Kumar , Hitesh Kapoor

Evaluating Text-to-SQL agents in private business intelligence (BI) settings is challenging due to the scarcity of realistic, domain-specific data. While synthetic evaluation data offers a scalable solution, existing generation methods fail…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Jinhui Liu , Ximeng Zhang , Yanbo Ai , Zhou Yu

Despite significant strides in statement autoformalization, a critical gap remains in the development of automated evaluation metrics capable of assessing formal translation quality. Existing metrics often fail to balance semantic and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Xiaoyang Liu , Tao Zhu , Zineng Dong , Yuntian Liu , Qingfeng Guo , Zhaoxuan Liu , Yu Chen , Tao Luo

Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with complex Text-to-SQL queries that demand both sophisticated mathematical reasoning and intricate schema navigation. Existing methods often tackle these challenges in isolation, creating a fractured…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Xutao Mao , Tao Liu , Hongying Zan

Text-to-SQL (Text2SQL) aims to map natural language questions to executable SQL queries. Although large language models (LLMs) have driven significant progress, current approaches struggle with poor transferability to open-source LLMs,…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Shuai Lyu , Haoran Luo , Ripeng Li , Zhonghong Ou , Jiangfeng Sun , Yang Qin , Xiaoran Shang , Meina Song , Yifan Zhu

Relational databases are among the most widely used architectures to store massive amounts of data in the modern world. However, there is a barrier between these databases and the average user. The user often lacks the knowledge of a query…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Debaditya Pal , Harsh Sharma , Kaustubh Chaudhari

Relational databases are foundational to numerous domains, including business intelligence, scientific research, and enterprise systems. However, accessing and analyzing structured data often requires proficiency in SQL, which is a skill…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Luyu Qiu , Jianing Li , Chi Su , Lei Chen

Converting text into the structured query language (Text2SQL) is a research hotspot in the field of natural language processing (NLP), which has broad application prospects. In the era of big data, the use of databases has penetrated all…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Ran Shen , Gang Sun , Hao Shen , Yiling Li , Liangfeng Jin , Han Jiang

Text analysis of tabular data relies on two core operations: \emph{summarization} for corpus-level theme extraction and \emph{tagging} for row-level labeling. A critical limitation of employing large language models (LLMs) for these tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Jinxiang Xie , Zihao Li , Wei He , Rui Ding , Shi Han , Dongmei Zhang

Text-to-SQL translates natural language queries into Structured Query Language (SQL) commands, enabling users to interact with databases using natural language. Essentially, the text-to-SQL task is a text generation task, and its…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Xiaohu Zhu , Qian Li , Lizhen Cui , Yongkang Liu

The Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) technique is used to convert natural language queries into executable SQL statements. Typically, slot-filling is employed as a classification method for multi-task cases to achieve this goal. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Chenduo Hao , Xu Zhang

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) outcomes serve as input for downstream tasks, substantially impacting the satisfaction level of end-users. Hence, the diagnosis and enhancement of the vulnerabilities present in the ASR model bear…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Seonmin Koo , Chanjun Park , Jinsung Kim , Jaehyung Seo , Sugyeong Eo , Hyeonseok Moon , Heuiseok Lim

The text-to-SQL task is an active challenge in Natural Language Processing. Many existing solutions focus on using black-box language models extended with specialized components within customized end-to-end text-to-SQL pipelines. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Alicja Rączkowska , Riccardo Belluzzo , Piotr Zieliński , Joanna Baran , Paweł Olszewski

When translating natural language questions into SQL queries to answer questions from a database, contemporary semantic parsing models struggle to generalize to unseen database schemas. The generalization challenge lies in (a) encoding the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-25 Bailin Wang , Richard Shin , Xiaodong Liu , Oleksandr Polozov , Matthew Richardson