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In this extended abstract, we discuss the opportunity to formally verify that inference systems for probabilistic programming guarantee good performance. In particular, we focus on hybrid inference systems that combine exact and approximate…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-07-17 Eric Atkinson , Ellie Y. Cheng , Guillaume Baudart , Louis Mandel , Michael Carbin

We first partly develop a mathematical notion of stable consistency intended to reflect the actual consistency property of human beings. Then we give a generalization of the first and second G\"odel incompleteness theorem to stably…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Yasha Savelyev

Formal theorem proving (FTP) has emerged as a critical foundation for evaluating the reasoning capabilities of large language models, enabling automated verification of mathematical proofs at scale. However, progress has been constrained by…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Terry Jingchen Zhang , Wenyuan Jiang , Rongchuan Liu , Yisong Wang , Junran Yang , Ning Wang , Nicole Ni , Yinya Huang , Mrinmaya Sachan

While there has been progress in establishing the unprovability of complexity statements in lower fragments of bounded arithmetic, understanding the limits of Je\v{r}\'abek's theory $APC_1$ (2007) and of higher levels of Buss's hierarchy…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Jiatu Li , Igor Carboni Oliveira

We consider the following task: suppose an algorithm is given copies of an unknown $n$-qubit quantum state $|\psi\rangle$ promised $(i)$ $|\psi\rangle$ is $\varepsilon_1$-close to a stabilizer state in fidelity or $(ii)$ $|\psi\rangle$ is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-13 Srinivasan Arunachalam , Arkopal Dutt

We describe a "slow" version of the hierarchy of uniform reflection principles over Peano Arithmetic ($\mathbf{PA}$). These principles are unprovable in Peano Arithmetic (even when extended by usual reflection principles of lower…

Logic · Mathematics 2020-08-06 Anton Freund

This paper proves Buss's hierarchy of bounded arithmetics $S^1_2 \subseteq S^2_2 \subseteq \cdots \subseteq S^i_2 \subseteq \cdots$ does not entirely collapse. More precisely, we prove that, for a certain $D$, $S^1_2 \subsetneq S^{2D+5}_2$…

Logic · Mathematics 2019-10-31 Yoriyuki Yamagata

Explainable AI methods facilitate the understanding of model behaviour, yet, small, imperceptible perturbations to inputs can vastly distort explanations. As these explanations are typically evaluated holistically, before model deployment,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Sara Vera Marjanović , Isabelle Augenstein , Christina Lioma

Let $\operatorname{Con}(\mathbf T)\!\restriction\!x$ denote the finite consistency statement "there are no proofs of contradiction in $\mathbf T$ with $\leq x$ symbols". For a large class of natural theories $\mathbf T$, Pudl\'ak has shown…

Logic · Mathematics 2020-03-09 Anton Freund , Fedor Pakhomov

We study cyclic proof systems for $\mu\mathsf{PA}$, an extension of Peano arithmetic by positive inductive definitions that is arithmetically equivalent to the (impredicative) subsystem of second-order arithmetic $\Pi^1_2$-$\mathsf{CA}_0$…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Gianluca Curzi , Lukas Melgaard

We investigate the theory PAI (Peano Arithmetic with Indiscernibles). Models of PAI are of the form (M, I), where M is a model of PA, I is an unbounded set of order indiscernibles over M, and (M, I) satisfies the extended induction scheme…

Logic · Mathematics 2022-12-19 Ali Enayat

We define and study a new notion of "robust simulations" between complexity classes which is intermediate between the traditional notions of infinitely-often and almost-everywhere, as well as a corresponding notion of "significant…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2010-12-10 Lance Fortnow , Rahul Santhanam

Unlike computation or the numerical analysis of differential equations, simulation does not have a well established conceptual and mathematical foundation. Simulation is an arguable unique union of modeling and computation. However,…

adap-org · Physics 2008-02-03 Steen Rasmussen , Christopher Barrett

In this paper, we focus on discrete-time stochastic systems modelled by nonlinear stochastic difference equations and propose robust abstractions for verifying probabilistic linear temporal specifications. The current literature focuses on…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-05-05 Yiming Meng , Jun Liu

In this note, we show that, despite the widespread assumption, the consistency formula for Peano Arithmetic PA, Con(PA), "for all x, x is not a code of a derivation of (0=1)," is not equivalent in PA to the consistency of PA. Specifically,…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-08-29 Sergei Artemov

Session types, types for structuring communication between endpoints in distributed systems, are recently being integrated into mainstream programming languages. In practice, a very important notion for dealing with such types is that of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Mario Bravetti , Marco Carbone , Julien Lange , Nobuko Yoshida , Gianluigi Zavattaro

When it isn't possible to tell two distinct experimental procedures apart purely from their input/output statistics, then it seems a plausible hypothesis that the two procedures must be physically identical. We call such a hypothesis…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-17 Ravi Kunjwal

It is proved that if $T$ is a $\Sigma_{n+1}$ Definable theory which is $\Sigma_n$-sound and extends $PA$, then $T$ can not prove the sentence $\Sigma_n-sound(T)$ that expresses the $\Sigma_n$-soundness of $T$. Optimality of this result is…

Logic · Mathematics 2016-05-03 Payam Seraji , Conden Chao

We introduce a notion of \emph{efficient stability} for finite presentations of groups. Informally, a finite presentation using generators $S$ and relations $R$ is \emph{stable} if any map from $S$ to unitaries that approximately satisfies…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-09 Michael Chapman , Thomas Vidick , Henry Yuen

A behavioural theory consists of machine-independent postulates characterizing a particular class of algorithms or systems, an abstract machine model that provably satisfies these postulates, and a rigorous proof that any algorithm or…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-05-30 Flavio Ferrarotti , Klaus-Dieter Schewe , Loredana Tec , Qing Wang