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In an isolated quantum many-body system undergoing unitary evolution, we study the thermalization of a subsystem, treating the rest of the system as a bath. In this setting, the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) was proposed to…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-11-30 Aram W. Harrow , Yichen Huang

Understanding how out-of-equilibrium states thermalize under quantum unitary dynamics is an important problem in many-body physics. In this work, we propose a statistical ansatz for the matrix elements of non-equilibrium initial states in…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-04-30 Laura Foini , Anatoly Dymarsky , Silvia Pappalardi

An isolated quantum many-body system in an initial pure state will come to thermal equilibrium if it satisfies the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH). We consider alternatives to ETH that have been proposed. We first show that von…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2012-03-15 Marcos Rigol , Mark Srednicki

The emergence of statistical mechanics for isolated classical systems comes about through chaotic dynamics and ergodicity. Here we review how similar questions can be answered in quantum systems. The crucial point is that individual energy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-25 Joshua M. Deutsch

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) offers a universal mechanism for the approach to equilibrium of closed quantum many-body systems. So far, however, experimental studies have focused on the relaxation dynamics of observables as…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2020-12-15 Alexander Schuckert , Michael Knap

This review gives a pedagogical introduction to the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH), its basis, and its implications to statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. In the first part, ETH is introduced as a natural extension of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-08-02 Luca D'Alessio , Yariv Kafri , Anatoli Polkovnikov , Marcos Rigol

The thermalization phenomenon and many-body quantum statistical properties are studied on the example of several observables in isolated spin-chain systems, both integrable and generic non-integrable ones. While diagonal matrix elements for…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2013-01-17 Robin Steinigeweg , Jacek Herbrych , Peter Prelovšek

A class of autonomous quantum heat baths satisfying the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) criteria is proposed. We show that such systems are expected to cause thermal relaxation of much smaller quantum systems coupled to one of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-08-10 O. Fialko

Quantum thermalization is well understood via the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (ETH). The general form of ETH, describing all the relevant correlations of matrix elements, may be derived on the basis of a `typicality' argument of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-03-30 Silvia Pappalardi , Laura Foini , Jorge Kurchan

There is a dichotomy in the nonequilibrium dynamics of quantum many body systems. In the presence of integrability, expectation values of local operators equilibrate to values described by a generalized Gibbs ensemble, which retains…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2019-05-15 Neil J. Robinson , Andrew J. A. James , Robert M. Konik

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) is a successful theory that establishes the criteria for ergodicity and thermalization in isolated quantum many-body systems. In this work, we investigate the thermalization properties of…

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) attempts to bridge the gap between quantum mechanical and statistical mechanical descriptions of isolated quantum systems. Here, we define unbiased measures for how well the ETH works in…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-05-04 Pavan Hosur , Xiao-Liang Qi

Chaos and ergodicity are the cornerstones of statistical physics and thermodynamics. While classically even small systems like a particle in a two-dimensional cavity, can exhibit chaotic behavior and thereby relax to a microcanonical…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2017-07-19 Anatoli Polkovnikov , Dries Sels

The Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (ETH) explains emergence of the thermodynamic equilibrium by assuming a particular structure of observable's matrix elements in the energy eigenbasis. Schematically, it postulates that off-diagonal…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-05-11 Jiaozi Wang , Mats H. Lamann , Jonas Richter , Robin Steinigeweg , Anatoly Dymarsky , Jochen Gemmer

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) provides a powerful framework for understanding thermalization in isolated quantum many-body systems, yet a complete and conceptually transparent derivation has remained elusive. In this work,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-12-23 Yucheng Wang

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) provides a fundamental mechanism for emergent statistical mechanics in isolated chaotic quantum systems, asserting that individual energy eigenstates behave as pseudorandom vectors within an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Ning Sun , Yanting Cheng

The Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (ETH) implies a form for the matrix elements of local operators between eigenstates of the Hamiltonian, expected to be valid for chaotic systems. Another signal of chaos is a positive Lyapunov…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-05-01 Laura Foini , Jorge Kurchan

We ask whether the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (ETH) is valid in a strong sense: in the limit of an infinite system, {\it every} eigenstate is thermal. We examine expectation values of few-body operators in highly-excited many-body…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-11-13 Hyungwon Kim , Tatsuhiko N. Ikeda , David A. Huse

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) is the leading conjecture for the emergence of statistical mechanics in generic isolated quantum systems and is formulated in terms of the matrix elements of operators. An analog known as the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-10-04 Siddharth Jindal , Pavan Hosur

The Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (ETH) is a framework for discussing thermal behavior originating from chaotic dynamics in isolated many-body quantum systems. The PXP model, where certain states do not thermalize, has been compared…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-17 Maanav Srihari , Anil Shaji