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We introduce MMMU: a new benchmark designed to evaluate multimodal models on massive multi-discipline tasks demanding college-level subject knowledge and deliberate reasoning. MMMU includes 11.5K meticulously collected multimodal questions…

Understanding complete musical scores entails integrated reasoning over pitch, rhythm, harmony, and large-scale structure, yet the ability of Large Language Models and Vision--Language Models to interpret full musical notation remains…

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) demonstrate considerable potential in clinical diagnostics, a domain that inherently requires synthesizing complex visual and textual data alongside consulting authoritative medical literature.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Yannian Gu , Zhongzhen Huang , Linjie Mu , Xizhuo Zhang , Shaoting Zhang , Xiaofan Zhang

Recent years have seen rapid advances in AI-driven image generation. Early diffusion models emphasized perceptual quality, while newer multimodal models like GPT-4o-image integrate high-level reasoning, improving semantic understanding and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yifan Chang , Yukang Feng , Jianwen Sun , Jiaxin Ai , Chuanhao Li , S. Kevin Zhou , Kaipeng Zhang

Recent multimodal large language models (MLLMs) show strong capabilities in visual-language reasoning, yet their performance on ultra-high-resolution imagery remains largely unexplored. Existing visual question answering (VQA) benchmarks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Siqi Li , Xinyu Cai , Jianbiao Mei , Nianchen Deng , Pinlong Cai , Licheng Wen , Yufan Shen , Xuemeng Yang , Botian Shi , Yong Liu

Fully comprehending scientific papers by machines reflects a high level of Artificial General Intelligence, requiring the ability to reason across fragmented and heterogeneous sources of information, presenting a complex and practically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Yang Tian , Zheng Lu , Mingqi Gao , Zheng Liu , Bo Zhao

The advancement of large language models (LLMs) has significantly broadened the scope of applications in natural language processing, with multi-modal LLMs extending these capabilities to integrate and interpret visual data. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Bingchen Zhao , Yongshuo Zong , Letian Zhang , Timothy Hospedales

Large multimodal models (LMMs) have proven flexible and generalisable across many tasks and fields. Although they have strong potential to aid scientific research, their capabilities in this domain are not well characterised. A key aspect…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Jonathan Roberts , Kai Han , Neil Houlsby , Samuel Albanie

As multimodal large language models (MLLMs) grow increasingly capable, fixed benchmarks are gradually losing their effectiveness in evaluating high-level scientific understanding. In this paper, we introduce the Multimodal Academic Cover…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Mohan Jiang , Jin Gao , Jiahao Zhan , Dequan Wang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown impressive abilities in understanding and reasoning over conventional images. However, their perception of 360{\deg} images remains largely underexplored. Unlike conventional images,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Huyen T. T. Tran , Van-Quang Nguyen , Farros Alferro , Kang-Jun Liu , Takayuki Okatani

Spatial intelligence is essential for multimodal large language models (MLLMs) operating in the complex physical world. Existing benchmarks, however, probe only single-image relations and thus fail to assess the multi-image spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Sihan Yang , Runsen Xu , Yiman Xie , Sizhe Yang , Mo Li , Jingli Lin , Chenming Zhu , Xiaochen Chen , Haodong Duan , Xiangyu Yue , Dahua Lin , Tai Wang , Jiangmiao Pang

Current image generation models produce visually compelling but scientifically implausible images, exposing a fundamental gap between visual fidelity and physical realism. In this work, we introduce ScienceT2I, an expert-annotated dataset…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Jialuo Li , Wenhao Chai , Xingyu Fu , Haiyang Xu , Saining Xie

The rapid development of Multi-modality Large Language Models (MLLMs) has navigated a paradigm shift in computer vision, moving towards versatile foundational models. However, evaluating MLLMs in low-level visual perception and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Zicheng Zhang , Haoning Wu , Erli Zhang , Guangtao Zhai , Weisi Lin

Scientific images fundamentally differ from natural and AI-generated images in that they encode structured domain knowledge rather than merely depict visual scenes. Assessing their quality therefore requires evaluating not only perceptual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Wenzhe Li , Liang Chen , Junying Wang , Yijing Guo , Ye Shen , Farong Wen , Chunyi Li , Zicheng Zhang , Guangtao Zhai

Scientific problem-solving involves synthesizing information while applying expert knowledge. We introduce CURIE, a scientific long-Context Understanding,Reasoning and Information Extraction benchmark to measure the potential of Large…

Multimodal emotion analysis is shifting from static classification to generative reasoning. Beyond simple label prediction, robust affective reasoning must synthesize fine-grained signals such as facial micro-expressions and prosodic which…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Zhixian Zhao , Wenjie Tian , Lei Xie

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in visual understanding tasks such as visual grounding, segmentation, and captioning. However, their ability to perceive perceptual-level image features remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Shuo Cao , Jiayang Li , Xiaohui Li , Yuandong Pu , Kaiwen Zhu , Yuanting Gao , Siqi Luo , Yi Xin , Qi Qin , Yu Zhou , Xiangyu Chen , Wenlong Zhang , Bin Fu , Yu Qiao , Yihao Liu

Multimodal learning has revolutionized general domain tasks, yet its application in scientific discovery is hindered by the profound semantic gap between complex scientific imagery and sparse textual descriptions. We present S1-MMAlign, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-07 He Wang , Longteng Guo , Pengkang Huo , Xuanxu Lin , Yichen Yuan , Jie Jiang , Jing Liu

Establishing visual correspondences under large intra-class variations, which is often referred to as semantic correspondence or semantic matching, remains a challenging problem in computer vision. Despite its significance, however, most of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-29 Juhong Min , Jongmin Lee , Jean Ponce , Minsu Cho

The rapid advancement of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) offers new opportunities for complex scientific challenges, yet their application in earth science-especially at the graduate level-remains underexplored due to a lack of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Xiangyu Zhao , Wanghan Xu , Bo Liu , Yuhao Zhou , Fenghua Ling , Ben Fei , Xiaoyu Yue , Lei Bai , Wenlong Zhang , Xiao-Ming Wu