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With the increasing popularity of mobile devices and the wide adoption of mobile Apps, an increasing concern of privacy issues is raised. Privacy policy is identified as a proper medium to indicate the legal terms, such as GDPR, and to bind…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-05-15 Shuang Liu , Renjie Guo , Baiyang Zhao , Tao Chen , Meishan Zhang

Organisations disclose their privacy practices by posting privacy policies on their website. Even though users often care about their digital privacy, they often don't read privacy policies since they require a significant investment in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Mukund Srinath , Shomir Wilson , C. Lee Giles

Making sure that users understand privacy policies that impact them is a key challenge for a real GDPR deployment. Research studies are mostly carried in English, but in Europe and elsewhere, users speak a language that is not English.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Francesco Ciclosi , Silvia Vidor , Fabio Massacci

Privacy policies are long and complex documents that are difficult for users to read and understand, and yet, they have legal effects on how user data is collected, managed and used. Ideally, we would like to empower users to inform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Abhilasha Ravichander , Alan W Black , Shomir Wilson , Thomas Norton , Norman Sadeh

Existing work on making privacy policies accessible has explored new presentation forms such as color-coding based on the risk factors or summarization to assist users with conscious agreement. To facilitate a more personalized interaction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Moniba Keymanesh , Micha Elsner , Srinivasan Parthasarathy

The landscape of privacy laws and regulations around the world is complex and ever-changing. National and super-national laws, agreements, decrees, and other government-issued rules form a patchwork that companies must follow to operate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Sonu Gupta , Ellen Poplavska , Nora O'Toole , Siddhant Arora , Thomas Norton , Norman Sadeh , Shomir Wilson

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is an essential subset of artificial intelligence. It has become effective in several domains, such as healthcare, finance, and media, to identify perceptions, opinions, and misuse, among others. Privacy is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Andrick Adhikari , Sanchari Das , Rinku Dewri

Understanding privacy policies is crucial for users as it empowers them to learn about the information that matters to them. Sentences written in a privacy policy document explain privacy practices, and the constituent text spans convey…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Wasi Uddin Ahmad , Jianfeng Chi , Tu Le , Thomas Norton , Yuan Tian , Kai-Wei Chang

Privacy policies are crucial for informing users about data practices, yet their length and complexity often deter users from reading them. In this paper, we propose an automated approach to identify and visualize data practices within…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Mukund Srinath , Pranav Venkit , Maria Badillo , Florian Schaub , C. Lee Giles , Shomir Wilson

Privacy policy documents have a crucial role in educating individuals about the collection, usage, and protection of users' personal data by organizations. However, they are notorious for their lengthy, complex, and convoluted language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Joykirat Singh , Sehban Fazili , Rohan Jain , Md Shad Akhtar

Privacy policies are legal documents that describe how a website will collect, use, and distribute a user's data. Unfortunately, such documents are often overly complicated and filled with legal jargon; making it difficult for users to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-12 Zachary Lindner

Privacy policies are the primary channel through which companies inform users about their data collection and sharing practices. These policies are often long and difficult to comprehend. Short notices based on information extracted from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Hamza Harkous , Kassem Fawaz , Rémi Lebret , Florian Schaub , Kang G. Shin , Karl Aberer

Machine learning based classifiers that take a privacy policy as the input and predict relevant concepts are useful in different applications such as (semi-)automated compliance analysis against requirements of the EU GDPR. In all past…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Peng Tang , Xin Li , Yuxin Chen , Weidong Qiu , Haochen Mei , Allison Holmes , Fenghua Li , Shujun Li

Most users agree to online privacy policies without reading or understanding them, even though these documents govern how personal data is collected, shared, and monetized. Privacy policies are typically long, legally complex, and difficult…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Sriharshini Kalvakuntla , Luoxi Tang , Yuqiao Meng , Zhaohan Xi

Identifying contextual integrity (CI) and governing knowledge commons (GKC) parameters in privacy policy texts can facilitate normative privacy analysis. However, GKC-CI annotation has heretofore required manual or crowdsourced effort. This…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Jake Chanenson , Madison Pickering , Noah Apthorpe

Legal documents are often long, dense, and difficult to comprehend, not only for laypeople but also for legal experts. While automated document summarization has great potential to improve access to legal knowledge, prevailing task-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Tsz Fung Pang , Maryam Berijanian , Thomas Orth , Breanna Shi , Charlotte S. Alexander

A privacy policy is a document that states how a company intends to handle and manage their customers' personal data. One of the problems that arises with these privacy policies is that their content might violate data privacy regulations.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Amin Rabinia , Zane Nygaard

This paper introduces PEACH, a sentence-aligned parallel English-Arabic corpus of healthcare texts encompassing patient information leaflets and educational materials. The corpus contains 51,671 parallel sentences, totaling approximately…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Rania Al-Sabbagh

Speech processing and translation technology have the potential to facilitate meetings of individuals who do not share any common language. To evaluate automatic systems for such a task, a versatile and realistic evaluation corpus is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Marko Čechovič , Natália Komorníková , Dominik Macháček , Ondřej Bojar

Unstructured text from legal, medical, and administrative sources offers a rich but underutilized resource for research in public health and the social sciences. However, large-scale analysis is hampered by two key challenges: the presence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Anders Ledberg , Anna Thalén
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