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Related papers: Debiasing Reward Models via Causally Motivated Inf…

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Inference-time alignment methods have gained significant attention for their efficiency and effectiveness in aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. However, existing dominant approaches using reward-guided search…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Bin Xie , Bingbing Xu , Yige Yuan , Shengmao Zhu , Huawei Shen

Many applications of large language models (LLMs) require deductive reasoning, yet models frequently produce incorrect or redundant inference steps. We frame natural language inference as a search problem where the final answer is the valid…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Andreas Opedal , Francesco Ignazio Re , Abulhair Saparov , Mrinmaya Sachan , Bernhard Schölkopf , Ryan Cotterell

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as promising solutions for a variety of medical and clinical decision support applications. However, LLMs are often subject to different types of biases, which can lead to unfair treatment of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Raphael Poulain , Hamed Fayyaz , Rahmatollah Beheshti

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is a widely used framework for the training of language models. However, the process of using RLHF to develop a language model that is well-aligned presents challenges, especially when it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Bowen Qin , Duanyu Feng , Xi Yang

Modern language models are trained on large amounts of data. These data inevitably include controversial and stereotypical content, which contains all sorts of biases related to gender, origin, age, etc. As a result, the models express…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Aleksandra Sorokovikova , Pavel Chizhov , Iuliia Eremenko , Ivan P. Yamshchikov

Large Multi-Modal Models (LMMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities as general-purpose chatbots able to engage in conversations about visual inputs. However, their responses are influenced by societal biases present in their training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Neale Ratzlaff , Matthew Lyle Olson , Musashi Hinck , Estelle Aflalo , Shao-Yen Tseng , Vasudev Lal , Phillip Howard

The rapid advancement of Vision-Language models (VLMs) has raised growing concerns that their black-box reasoning processes could lead to unintended forms of social bias. Current debiasing approaches focus on mitigating surface-level bias…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Na Min An , Yoonna Jang , Yusuke Hirota , Ryo Hachiuma , Isabelle Augenstein , Hyunjung Shim

Negative bias refers to the tendency of large language models (LLMs) to excessively generate negative responses in binary decision tasks (e.g., yes-no question answering). Previous research has focused on detecting and addressing negative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Jongyoon Song , Sangwon Yu , Sungroh Yoon

As large language models (LLMs) become more integrated into societal systems, the risk of them perpetuating and amplifying harmful biases becomes a critical safety concern. Traditional methods for mitigating bias often rely on data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Shivam Dubey

Reward model (RM) plays a pivotal role in aligning large language model (LLM) with human preferences. As real-world applications increasingly involve long history trajectories, e.g., LLM agent, it becomes indispensable to evaluate whether a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Zecheng Tang , Baibei Ji , Quantong Qiu , Haitian Wang , Xiaobo Liang , Juntao Li , Min Zhang

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have shifted the post-training paradigm from traditional instruction tuning and human preference alignment toward reinforcement learning (RL) focused on reasoning capabilities. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Qianxi He , Qingyu Ren , Shanzhe Lei , Xuhong Wang , Yingchun Wang

Learning a reward model (RM) from human preferences has been an important component in aligning large language models (LLMs). The canonical setup of learning RMs from pairwise preference data is rooted in the classic Bradley-Terry (BT)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Shang Liu , Yu Pan , Guanting Chen , Xiaocheng Li

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in social science simulations. While their performance on reasoning and optimization tasks has been extensively evaluated, less attention has been paid to their ability to simulate human…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Yuanjun Feng , Vivek Choudhary , Yash Raj Shrestha

Large decoder-based language models have become the dominant architecture for reward modeling in reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). However, as reward models are increasingly deployed in test-time strategies, their inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Sarah Pan

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been widely adopted in post-training for large language models (LLMs) at scale. Recently, the incentivization of reasoning capabilities in LLMs from RL indicates that $\textit{proper learning methods could…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Zijun Liu , Peiyi Wang , Runxin Xu , Shirong Ma , Chong Ruan , Peng Li , Yang Liu , Yu Wu

Reward models (RMs) are essential for aligning large language models (LLM) with human expectations. However, existing RMs struggle to capture the stochastic and uncertain nature of human preferences and fail to assess the reliability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Xingzhou Lou , Dong Yan , Wei Shen , Yuzi Yan , Jian Xie , Junge Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) can align language models with non-differentiable reward signals, such as human preferences. However, a major challenge arises from the sparsity of these reward signals - typically, there is only a single reward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Meng Cao , Lei Shu , Lei Yu , Yun Zhu , Nevan Wichers , Yinxiao Liu , Lei Meng

With the advancement of large language models (LLMs), solving complex reasoning tasks has gained increasing attention. Inference-time computation methods (e.g., Best-of-N, beam search, et al.) are particularly valuable as they can enhance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Fan Liu , Wenshuo Chao , Naiqiang Tan , Hao Liu

Reward Model (RM) has demonstrated impressive potential for enhancing Large Language Models (LLM), as RM can serve as a proxy for human preferences, providing signals to guide LLMs' behavior in various tasks. In this paper, we provide a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Jialun Zhong , Wei Shen , Yanzeng Li , Songyang Gao , Hua Lu , Yicheng Chen , Yang Zhang , Wei Zhou , Jinjie Gu , Lei Zou

Aligning large language models (LLMs) to diverse human preferences is fundamentally challenging since criteria can often conflict with each other. Inference-time alignment methods have recently gained popularity as they allow LLMs to be…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-03 Shokichi Takakura , Akifumi Wachi , Rei Higuchi , Kohei Miyaguchi , Taiji Suzuki