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Efficient zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) have been restricted to NP statements so far, whereas they exist for all statements in PSPACE. This work presents the first practical zero-knowledge (ZK) protocols for PSPACE-complete statements by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Ashwin Karthikeyan , Hengyu Liu , Kuldeep S. Meel , Ning Luo

This paper presents a new method for quantum identity authentication (QIA) protocols. The logic of classical zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) due to Schnorr is applied in quantum circuits and algorithms. This novel approach gives an exact way…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-08 Mark Carney

Zero-knowledge proofs have always provided a clear solution when it comes to conveying information from a prover to a verifier or vice versa without revealing essential information about the process. Advancements in zero-knowledge have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-02 Aritra Banerjee , Michael Clear , Hitesh Tewari

In a proof of knowledge (PoK), a verifier becomes convinced that a prover possesses privileged information. In combination with zero-knowledge proof systems, PoKs play an important role in security protocols such as in digital signatures…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-17 Anne Broadbent , Alex B. Grilo , Nagisa Hara , Arthur Mehta

This paper explores how zero-knowledge proofs can enhance Bitcoin's functionality and privacy. First, we consider Proof-of-Reserve schemes: by using zk-STARKs, a custodian can prove its Bitcoin holdings are more than a predefined threshold…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Yusuf Ozmiş

Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) are central to secure and privacy-preserving computation, with zk-SNARKs and zk-STARKs emerging as leading frameworks offering distinct trade-offs in efficiency, scalability, and trust assumptions. While their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Ayush Nainwal , Atharva Kamble , Nitin Awathare

Zero-Knowledge (ZK) proof systems are cryptographic protocols that can (with overwhelming probability) demonstrate that the pair $(X, W)$ is in a relation $R$ without revealing information about the private input $W$. This membership…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Pedro Antonino , Namrata Jain

Zero-Knowledge Proof-of-Identity from trusted public certificates (e.g., national identity cards and/or ePassports; eSIM) is introduced here to permissionless blockchains in order to remove the inefficiencies of Sybil-resistant mechanisms…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-17 David Cerezo Sánchez

As AI models become ubiquitous in our daily lives, there has been an increasing demand for transparency in ML services. However, the model owner does not want to reveal the weights, as they are considered trade secrets. To solve this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Bing-Jyue Chen , Lilia Tang , Daniel Kang

This survey provides a comprehensive examination of verifiable computing, tracing its evolution from foundational complexity theory to modern zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive arguments of knowledge (ZK-SNARKs). We explore key…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Angold Wang

Watermarking schemes for large language models (LLMs) have been proposed to identify the source of the generated text, mitigating the potential threats emerged from model theft. However, current watermarking solutions hardly resolve the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Haohua Duan , Liyao Xiang , Xin Zhang

Zero-knowledge and multi-prover systems are both central notions in classical and quantum complexity theory. There is, however, little research in quantum multi-prover zero-knowledge systems. This paper studies complexity-theoretical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-01 Yusuke Kinoshita

Zero-knowledge proofs (zk-Proofs) are communication protocols by which a prover can demonstrate to a verifier that it possesses a solution to a given public problem without revealing the content of the solution. Arbitrary computations can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Armando Cruz

The communities of blockchains and distributed ledgers have been stirred up by the introduction of zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs). Originally designed to solve privacy issues, ZKPs have now evolved into an effective remedy for scalability…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Chenhao Shi , Hao Chen , Ruibang Liu , Guoqiang Li

In database applications involving sensitive data, the dual imperatives of data confidentiality and provable query processing are important. This paper introduces PoneglyphDB, a database system that leverages non-interactive zero-knowledge…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Binbin Gu , Juncheng Fang , Faisal Nawab

Zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) provers remain costly because multi-scalar multiplication (MSM) and number-theoretic transforms (NTTs) dominate runtime as they need significant computation. AI ASICs such as TPUs provide massive matrix throughput…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jianming Tong , Jingtian Dang , Simon Langowski , Tianhao Huang , Asra Ali , Jeremy Kun , Jevin Jiang , Srinivas Devadas , Tushar Krishna

In the thesis we focus on designing an authentication system to authenticate users over a network with a username and a password. The system uses the zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) system as a password verification mechanism. The ZKP protocol…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-13 Jakob Povsic , Andrej Brodnik

We study the notion of zero-knowledge secure against quantum polynomial-time verifiers (referred to as quantum zero-knowledge) in the concurrent composition setting. Despite being extensively studied in the classical setting, concurrent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-20 Prabhanjan Ananth , Kai-Min Chung , Rolando L. La Placa

Machine learning models are increasingly used in societal applications, yet legal and privacy concerns demand that they very often be kept confidential. Consequently, there is a growing distrust about the fairness properties of these models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Chhavi Yadav , Amrita Roy Chowdhury , Dan Boneh , Kamalika Chaudhuri

We introduce a technology to formally verify that a software system satisfies a temporal specification of functional correctness, without revealing the system itself. Our method combines a deductive approach to model checking to obtain a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Pascal Berrang , Mirco Giacobbe , Jacob Swales , Xiao Yang