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Vision-Language Models (VLMs) face a critical memory bottleneck when processing long-form video content due to the linear growth of the Key-Value (KV) cache with sequence length. Existing solutions predominantly employ reactive eviction…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Vishnu Sai , Dheeraj Sai , Srinath B , Girish Varma , Priyesh Shukla

Distributed prefix caching has become a core technique for efficient LLM serving. However, for long-context requests with high cache hit ratios, retrieving reusable KVCache blocks from remote servers has emerged as a new performance…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Weiye Wang , Chen Chen , Junxue Zhang , Zhusheng Wang , Hui Yuan , Zixuan Guan , Xiaolong Zheng , Qizhen Weng , Yin Chen , Minyi Guo

Streaming video large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for real-time multimodal tasks such as video captioning, question answering, conversational agents, and augmented reality. However, these models face fundamental memory and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-25 Donghyuk Kim , Sejeong Yang , Wonjin Shin , Joo-Young Kim

Static-graph LLM decoders provide predictable launches, fixed tensor shapes, and low submission overhead, but online decoding exposes highly irregular KV-cache behavior: request lengths differ, EOS events arrive asynchronously, and logical…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhiqing Zhong , Zhijing Ye , Jian Zhang , Weijian Zheng , Bolun Sun , Xiaodong Yu

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across various artificial intelligence tasks. However, their enormous sizes and computational demands pose significant challenges for the deployment on edge devices. To address…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Kai Zhang , Hengtao He , Shenghui Song , Jun Zhang , Khaled B. Letaief

A critical approach for efficiently deploying computationally demanding large language models (LLMs) is Key-Value (KV) caching. The KV cache stores key-value states of previously generated tokens, significantly reducing the need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Akide Liu , Jing Liu , Zizheng Pan , Yefei He , Gholamreza Haffari , Bohan Zhuang

Context lengths of Large Language Models (LLMs) have exploded in recent years, with 128k-token context becoming a standard and million-token context becoming a reality. Efficiently supporting long-context inference remains challenging as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Isaac Rehg

LLM serving relies on prefix caching to improve inference performance. As growing contexts push key-value (KV) cache footprint far beyond GPU HBM and CPU DRAM capacity, KV cache is increasingly offloaded to NVMe SSDs. Unfortunately,…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Shi Qiu , Yifan Hu , Xintao Wang , Wenhao Zhu , Jianqin Yan , Hao Chen , Kaiqiang Xu , Kai Chen , Yiming Zhang

Efficient key-value (KV) cache management is crucial for the practical deployment of large language models (LLMs), yet existing compression techniques often incur a trade-off between performance degradation and computational overhead. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jang-Hyun Kim , Dongyoon Han , Sangdoo Yun

On-device Vision-Language Models (VLMs) promise data privacy via local execution. However, we show that the architectural shift toward Dynamic High-Resolution preprocessing (e.g., AnyRes) introduces an inherent algorithmic side-channel.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Eyal Hadad , Mordechai Guri

The Key-Value (KV) cache in generative large language models (LLMs) introduces substantial memory overhead. Existing works mitigate this burden by offloading or compressing the KV cache. However, loading the entire cache incurs significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Dingyu Yao , Bowen Shen , Zheng Lin , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Bin Wang , Weiping Wang

Efficient inference for on-device Large Language Models (LLMs) remains challenging due to limited hardware resources and the high cost of the prefill stage, which processes the full input context to construct Key-Value (KV) caches. We…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Hongyao Liu , Liuqun Zhai , Junyi Wang , Zhengru Fang

Advances in hybrid bonding and packaging have driven growing interest in 3D DRAM-stacked accelerators with higher memory bandwidth and capacity. As LLMs scale to hundreds of billions or trillions of parameters, distributed inference across…

The deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge devices is fundamentally constrained by the "Memory Wall" the bottleneck where data movement latency outstrips arithmetic throughput. Standard inference runtimes often incur significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Bugra Kilictas , Faruk Alpay

KV caches, typically used only to speed up autoregressive decoding, encode contextual information that can be reused for downstream tasks at no extra cost. We propose treating the KV cache as a lightweight representation, eliminating the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Zeyu Xing , Xing Li , Hui-Ling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Sinno Jialin Pan

Key-Value (KV) cache plays a crucial role in accelerating inference in large language models (LLMs) by storing intermediate attention states and avoiding redundant computation during autoregressive generation. However, its memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yuzhen Mao , Qitong Wang , Martin Ester , Ke Li

Efficiently serving large language models (LLMs) requires batching of many requests to reduce the cost per request. Yet, with larger batch sizes and longer context lengths, the key-value (KV) cache, which stores attention keys and values to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Zirui Liu , Jiayi Yuan , Hongye Jin , Shaochen Zhong , Zhaozhuo Xu , Vladimir Braverman , Beidi Chen , Xia Hu

Key-Value (KV) cache has become a de facto component of modern Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) for inference. While it enhances decoding efficiency in Large Language Models (LLMs), its direct adoption in LVLMs introduces substantial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Xihao Chen , Yangyang Guo , Roger Zimmermann

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as Internet/Web services (LLM-as-a-Service) with strict latency Service-Level Objectives (SLOs) under tight GPU memory budgets. Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models improve quality and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Yuning Zhang , Grant Pinkert , Nan Yang , Yanli Li , Dong Yuan

LLMs are seeing growing use for applications which require large context windows, and with these large context windows KV cache activations surface as the dominant contributor to memory consumption during inference. Quantization is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Coleman Hooper , Sehoon Kim , Hiva Mohammadzadeh , Michael W. Mahoney , Yakun Sophia Shao , Kurt Keutzer , Amir Gholami