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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in text embedding, yet current adaptation methods like LoRA face significant bottlenecks in computational efficiency and cross-architecture transferability. Whenever a new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yu-Che Tsai , Kuan-Yu Chen , Yuan-Hao Chen , Yu-Han Chang , Ching-Yu Tsai , Yu-Hsiang Chuang , Shou-De Lin

Recent advancements in the coding, reasoning, and tool-using abilities of LLMs have spurred interest in library learning (i.e., online learning through the creation, storage, and retrieval of reusable and composable functions, knowledge,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Ian Berlot-Attwell , Frank Rudzicz , Xujie Si

Self-reflection enables language agents to iteratively refine solutions, yet often produces repetitive outputs that limit reasoning performance. Recent studies have attempted to address this limitation through various approaches, among…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Tianjun Yao , Yongqiang Chen , Yujia Zheng , Pan Li , Zhiqiang Shen , Kun Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant promise in automated theorem proving, yet progress is often constrained by the scarcity of diverse and high-quality formal language data. To address this issue, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Xinyuan Zhou , Yi Lei , Xiaoyu Zhou , Jingyi Sun , Yu Zhu , Zhongyi Ye , Weitai Zhang , Quan Liu , Si Wei , Cong Liu

We propose to build a reinforcement learning prover of independent components: a deductive system (an environment), the proof state representation (how an agent sees the environment), and an agent training algorithm. To that purpose, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Boris Shminke

The Dreamer agent provides various benefits of Model-Based Reinforcement Learning (MBRL) such as sample efficiency, reusable knowledge, and safe planning. However, its world model and policy networks inherit the limitations of recurrent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Chang Chen , Yi-Fu Wu , Jaesik Yoon , Sungjin Ahn

Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) in formal languages remains a formidable challenge in AI, demanding rigorous logical deduction and navigating vast search spaces. While large language models (LLMs) have shown promising performance, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Zhenwen Liang , Linfeng Song , Yang Li , Tao Yang , Feng Zhang , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

This paper introduces ThoughtProbe, a novel inference time framework that leverages the hidden reasoning features of Large Language Models (LLMs) to improve their reasoning performance. Unlike previous works that manipulate the hidden…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Zijian Wang , Chang Xu

Verifiers have been demonstrated to enhance LLM reasoning via test-time scaling (TTS). Yet, they face significant challenges in complex domains. Error propagation from incorrect intermediate reasoning can lead to false positives for…

Formal mathematics libraries are rapidly expanding, creating a growing need to refactor verified proofs for maintainability and to improve training data quality for neural provers. However, scalable proof optimization is hindered by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Riyaz Ahuja , Tate Rowney , Jeremy Avigad , Sean Welleck

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in formal theorem proving, yet state-of-the-art performance often necessitates prohibitive test-time compute via massive roll-outs or extended context windows. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Guchan Li , Rui Tian , Hongning Wang

Formal methods is pivotal for verifying the reliability of critical systems through rigorous mathematical proofs. However, its adoption is hindered by labor-intensive manual proofs and the expertise required to use theorem provers. Recent…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Jilin Hu , Jianyu Zhang , Yongwang Zhao , Talia Ringer

"Dreaming" enables agents to learn from imagined experiences, enabling more robust and sample-efficient learning of world models. In this work, we consider innovations to the state-of-the-art Dreamer model using probabilistic methods that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Gavin Wong

Formal verification via theorem proving enables the expressive specification and rigorous proof of software correctness, but it is difficult to scale due to the significant manual effort and expertise required. While Large Language Models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Minghai Lu , Zhe Zhou , Danning Xie , Songlin Jia , Benjamin Delaware , Tianyi Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) for formal theorem proving have shown significant promise, yet they often lack generalizability and are fragile to even minor transformations of problem statements. To address this limitation, we introduce a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Yuchen Tian , Ruiyuan Huang , Xuanwu Wang , Jing Ma , Zengfeng Huang , Ziyang Luo , Hongzhan Lin , Da Zheng , Lun Du

Recent work by Clark et al. (2020) shows that transformers can act as 'soft theorem provers' by answering questions over explicitly provided knowledge in natural language. In our work, we take a step closer to emulating formal theorem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Swarnadeep Saha , Sayan Ghosh , Shashank Srivastava , Mohit Bansal

Identifying bio-signals based-sleep stages requires time-consuming and tedious labor of skilled clinicians. Deep learning approaches have been introduced in order to challenge the automatic sleep stage classification conundrum. However, the…

Legal reasoning requires not only correct outcomes but also procedurally compliant reasoning processes. However, existing methods lack mechanisms to verify intermediate reasoning steps, allowing errors such as inapplicable statute citations…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Xinyu Yang , Chenlong Deng , Tongyu Wen , Binyu Xie , Zhicheng Dou

Neural methods are transforming automated reasoning for proof assistants, yet integrating these advances into practical verification workflows remains challenging. A hammer is a tool that integrates premise selection, translation to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Thomas Zhu , Joshua Clune , Jeremy Avigad , Albert Qiaochu Jiang , Sean Welleck

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promising first-order logic (FOL) reasoning capabilities with applications in various areas. However, their effectiveness in complex mathematical reasoning involving multi-step FOL deductions is still…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Chuxue Cao , Mengze Li , Juntao Dai , Jinluan Yang , Zijian Zhao , Shengyu Zhang , Weijie Shi , Chengzhong Liu , Sirui Han , Yike Guo