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Personalization is a crucial aspect of many online experiences. In particular, content ranking is often a key component in delivering sophisticated personalization results. Commonly, supervised learning-to-rank methods are applied, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-29 Beyza Ermis , Patrick Ernst , Yannik Stein , Giovanni Zappella

Prior behavioural work suggests that some LLMs alter choices when options are framed as causing pain or pleasure, and that such deviations can scale with stated intensity. To bridge behavioural evidence (what the model does) with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Francesca Bianco , Derek Shiller

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive performance but lack the flexibility to adapt to human preferences quickly without retraining. In this work, we introduce Test-time Preference Optimization (TPO), a framework that aligns…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Yafu Li , Xuyang Hu , Xiaoye Qu , Linjie Li , Yu Cheng

Prompt-tuning has emerged as a promising method for adapting pre-trained models to downstream tasks or aligning with human preferences. Prompt learning is widely used in NLP but has limited applicability to RL due to the complex physical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Shengchao Hu , Li Shen , Ya Zhang , Dacheng Tao

Aligning language models with human preferences is essential for ensuring their safety and reliability. Although most existing approaches assume specific human preference models such as the Bradley-Terry model, this assumption may fail to…

Preference-based feedback is important for many applications in machine learning where evaluation of a reward function is not feasible. Notable recent examples arise in preference alignment for large language models, including in…

Accurately aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences is crucial for informing fair, economically sound, and statistically efficient decision-making processes. However, we argue that the predominant approach for aligning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-26 Jiancong Xiao , Ziniu Li , Xingyu Xie , Emily Getzen , Cong Fang , Qi Long , Weijie J. Su

Large language models are highly sensitive to prompt wording. However, popular automatic prompt search methods, including InstructZero, often degrade under distribution shift and adversarial evaluation because they optimize expected…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Yangyang Li

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly solve difficult problems by producing "reasoning traces" before emitting a final response. However, it remains unclear how accuracy and decision commitment evolve along a reasoning trajectory, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Marthe Ballon , Brecht Verbeken , Vincent Ginis , Andres Algaba

Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences typically relies on external supervision, which faces critical limitations: human annotations are scarce and subjective, reward models are vulnerable to reward hacking, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Yixuan Tang , Yi Yang

Safety alignment mechanism are essential for preventing large language models (LLMs) from generating harmful information or unethical content. However, cleverly crafted prompts can bypass these safety measures without accessing the model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Sunbowen Lee , Shiwen Ni , Chi Wei , Shuaimin Li , Liyang Fan , Ahmadreza Argha , Hamid Alinejad-Rokny , Ruifeng Xu , Yicheng Gong , Min Yang

Sample-level rankings are increasingly used in data-centric NLP for analysis, filtering, debugging, and curation, yet existing pipelines typically score training examples pointwise and rank them as if they were independent. This assumption…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Xu Zheng , Feiyu Wu , Linhong Wu , Zhuocheng Wang , Hui Li

Preference alignment in Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly improved their ability to adhere to human instructions and intentions. However, existing direct alignment algorithms primarily focus on relative preferences and often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Shenao Zhang , Zhihan Liu , Boyi Liu , Yufeng Zhang , Yingxiang Yang , Yongfei Liu , Liyu Chen , Tao Sun , Zhaoran Wang

To address the needs of modeling uncertainty in sensitive machine learning applications, the setup of distributionally robust optimization (DRO) seeks good performance uniformly across a variety of tasks. The recent multi-distribution…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-01 Rafael Hanashiro , Patrick Jaillet

In this paper we study a rational inattention model in environments where the decision maker faces uncertainty about the true prior distribution over states. The decision maker seeks to select a stochastic choice rule over a finite set of…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2023-05-08 Emerson Melo

We study the trade-off between envy and inefficiency in repeated resource allocation settings with stochastic replenishments, motivated by real-world systems such as food banks and medical supply chains. Specifically, we consider a model in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-01 Chido Onyeze , Sean R. Sinclair , Chamsi Hssaine , Siddhartha Banerjee

In this paper, we investigate the phenomena of "selection biases" in Large Language Models (LLMs), focusing on problems where models are tasked with choosing the optimal option from an ordered sequence. We delve into biases related to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Sheng-Lun Wei , Cheng-Kuang Wu , Hen-Hsen Huang , Hsin-Hsi Chen

Strategic product placement can have a strong influence on customer purchase behavior in physical stores as well as online platforms. Motivated by this, we consider the problem of optimizing the placement of substitutable products in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Omar El Housni , Rajan Udwani

Large language models (LLMs) are typically aligned to refuse harmful instructions through safety fine-tuning. A recent attack, termed abliteration, identifies and suppresses the single latent direction most responsible for refusal behavior,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Harethah Abu Shairah , Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud , Bernard Ghanem , George Turkiyyah

We have obtained the random loose packing fraction of the parking lot model (PLM) by taking the limit of infinite compactivity in the two-variable statistical description of Tarjus and Viot for the PLM. The PLM is a stochastic model of…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2010-05-26 K. Hernández , L. I. Reyes
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